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A Cash-Strapped Europe’s Latest Craze: Rented Clothes

December 4, 2013, 7:49 pm
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Submitted by Tyler
Durden on 12/03/2013

Renting and leasing of consumer products with the intention of testing them out or keeping them after a specific period is nothing new, and has been the basis for viable business models in the US, and around the world, with companies such as Rent-A-Center and Aaron’s for decades. However, renting and leasing clothes is something that only a materially cash strapped people would engage in. Such as those of Europe, where the depression has been going on for five years and has manifsted itself in record unemployment month after month, and youth unemployment that in many cases is well over the 50% mark. In this context one has no choice but to live thrifty, even if that means renting, and leasing, second-hand clothing.

After signing a lease contract and paying 20 euros, the renter wears the jeans for 5 euros a month and after a year, he can either pay off the jeans or return them for another pair. Credit: bburky via Flickr

After signing a lease contract and paying 20 euros, the renter wears the jeans for 5 euros a month and after a year, he can either pay off the jeans or return them for another pair. Credit: bburky via Flickr

Meet Anouk Gillis who is just such a person. As the WSJ reports, Anouk Gillis often sports a pair of organic-cotton jeans she ordered online. But she doesn’t actually own them. Rather than buying the pants, which retail for around €100 ($135), Ms. Gillis signed a 12-month lease with their designer, the small Dutch fashion label Mud Jeans. The terms: a €20 deposit and monthly installments of €5. After a year, Ms. Gillis, who is also Dutch, can decide to buy the jeans, return them, or exchange them for a new pair. Ms. Gillis, a 40-year-old receptionist who lives in the small Dutch city of Tilburg, regularly buys secondhand clothes and shoes on the Internet and grows vegetables in a shared garden. For her next trip to Rome, she booked a room on the website Airbnb Inc., an online matchmaker for budget travelers and people with a spare room or other lodging for rent.

The owner of Mud jeans, Bert vsn Son explains the logic: “The idea was to make high-quality jeans available to everybody.” He promises to recycle the used jeans into new pairs or sell them secondhand at the end of a lease. Of course, if he continues “flipping” the rented pair out, nobody would be the wiser.

In Europe, using rented clothes may be the start of a big trend for a youth that find itself in an unprecedented financial condition:

The deal shows how companies are trying to reconnect with Europe’s cash-strapped consumers, who increasingly rely on renting, sharing or even bartering for products and services ranging from clothing to vacations to lawn mowing. The euro-zone crisis and shallow European recovery has added urgency to those efforts, as high unemployment forces many consumers to carefully control spending.

Companies like clothing retailer Hennes & Mauritz are piling into a market that until lately has been dominated by Internet startups and consumers themselves. One immediate aim: to find more ways to get customers into their stores. But they are also pursuing a longer-term goal.

It goes without saying that the main impetus for the rent/lease business model came as a result of the 2008 financial crisis.

Sharing or renting goods and services isn’t a new business model, but it got a major boost from the 2008 financial crisis and the spread of digital technology, which spawned a series of startups focused on sharing, many of them in Silicon Valley. In Europe, consumers are increasingly buying into the idea, as the uncertainty sown by high unemployment and government austerity measures drives them to think about longer-term ways to save money.

In order to preserve some sense of worth, the process has even received a rather noble sounding name: “collaborative consumption.” Perhaps that is only fitting for a continent that is on the last innings of its “shared” welfare experiment.

“Everything that has to do with collaborative consumption is absolutely on the rise, and that has to do with people having less money to spend,” said Lucia Reisch, a professor of consumer issues at the Copenhagen Business School.

It should perhaps come as no surprise that the future is so bright, if leased, it increasingly looks two-thirds “collaborative”

According to a recent survey from the Observatoire Cetelem, a research arm of BNP Paribas SA’s consumer-credit firm, 68% of Europeans surveyed said they would buy secondhand products in the years to come, compared with 58% today, while 53% said they would barter for goods or services, versus 31% which said they do so already.

Consulting firm Frost & Sullivan estimates the number of Europeans sharing cars will climb to 15 million in 2020 from 700,000 in 2011.

Now, consumer-goods companies are getting into the act. In July, in a bid to boost revenue, French retailer Intermarché, part of closely held Groupement des Mousquetaires, started offering leases on household appliances and electronic products worth more than €349. It said it may expand the program to items such as garden furniture and textiles.

It gets better, or worse, depending on one’s sense of self-worth: “Since February H&M has been handing out vouchers or discounts in 42 countries in exchange for a bag of used clothing, regardless of the brand. The retailer sells the used clothes to a Swiss-based clothing and shoe recycling company.”

Finally, since we are in the New Normal, the supreme irony is that even these new “collaborative” start up ideas are not actually making a profit:

Many of Europe’s leasing or sharing experiments are in their early days. Mud Jeans isn’t making money yet, according to its CEO and owner. Since July Intermarché has made about 100 leases, mainly for smartphones or washing machines, at the 52 hypermarkets in France that offer the program.

Well there is always tomorrow, when in addition to clothes the business models may expand to include underwear and even food. After all, if doing something, best to do it right…

http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-12-03/cash-strapped-europes-latest-craze-rented-clothes

You couldn’t make it up - these people are nuts. I just bought a pair of designer jeans for twenty bucks at a yard sale but it takes effort something these idiots won’t do.


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CDC report: Nearly two-thirds of gay men who know they have AIDS have sex without condoms

December 4, 2013, 8:17 pm
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WASHINGTON, DC, December 4, 2013 (LifeSiteNews.com) – A new report from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) shows approximately 62 percent of gay men who know they have HIV/AIDS continue to engage in sexual relations without using a prophylactic, a behavior that can spread AIDS.

The report, which was released on the Friday after Thanksgiving, analyzed data gathered in 2011.

According to the report, the percentage of men with HIV/AIDS having sex with other men without a condom had increased from 55 percent in 2005, to 57 percent in 2008, to 62 percent today.

CDC spokesperson Nikky Mayes told LifeSiteNews.com in an e-mail that the “new analysis of data suggests concerning signs of sexual risk for HIV infection among gay and bisexual men in 20 major U.S. cities.”

The surveys cited in the report examine men having sex with men (MSM) for a period of 12 months.

In the report, many MSM said they tried to reduce their risk of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections by only having sex with other men who are HIV-positive.

However, the CDC noted this is still risky, because sexual partners may be unaware of their status, or may mislead about their health.

Trying to get HIV-positive gay men to use condoms may prove difficult, as their use has plummeted among homosexuals. Anal sex without condoms increased by 20 percent among homosexual men between 2005 and 2011.

As a result, the rate of AIDS infection among homosexual males has remained an epidemic. Between 2008 and 2010, the number of homosexuals with HIV/AIDS rose by 12 percent, with an especially large increase among young men having sex with other males.

Men who have sex with men, which the CDC estimates at four percent of the American population, are more than 44 times more likely to be diagnosed with HIV/AIDS than heterosexual men. MSM make up 52 percent of the American population with HIV/AIDS, and account for about 63 percent of all new HIV/AIDS cases.

To fight this, the CDC recommended MSM reduce the risk of HIV by “choosing less risky behaviors, using condoms consistently and correctly if they have vaginal or anal sex, reducing the number of sex partners, and if HIV-positive, letting potential sex partners know their status.”

It also recommends annual testing for men having sex with men, and “taking pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis” as protection for some men at high risk. It also encourages more frequent testing. One-third of MSM were unaware they had HIV while engaging in risky sexual relations.

The report does not recommend abstinence for gay men, though it closes by noting reductions in “the burden of HIV among MSM is fundamental to reducing HIV infection in this country.”

Mayes told LifeSiteNews.com that “we do know that not having sex is the most reliable way to avoid infection, and we include that as a prevention option in our media materials.”

Mayes pointed LifeSiteNews.com to an August 2013 graphic from the CDC that advocates not having sex as the first of three measures to prevent gay men in relationships from getting HIV/AIDS.

The report notes two caveats: First, the surveys were primarily done in cities, meaning the results may be limited because of behavioral patterns that differ between rural and urban gay men. Second, the report bases its statistics on self-reporting, which has accuracy factors the report calls “social desirability and recall bias.”

The CDC reports that more than 300,000 MSM have died since the epidemic began in the early 1980s.

http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/nearly-two-thirds-of-gay-men-who-know-they-have-aids-have-sex-without-condo

The media-health writers rush to print on cigarettes, booze, obesity, sugar, transfat etc. yet almost zero on this critical health issue which is certainly preventable.


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‘Muslim’ Jesus Demands Sharia Law and Jizya Tribute

December 4, 2013, 9:22 pm
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By on November 25, 2013

Time and again, Muslims, especially those in Egypt, project Islamic thinking onto Christians: thus the Coptic church has been accused of smuggling and storing weapons in its churches to take over the nation (when in fact mosques are regularly exposed housing illegal weapons for the jihad); of kidnapping and torturing Coptic girls who convert to Islam (when in fact Muslim converts to Christianity—apostates—are regularly beat, imprisoned, and sometimes killed); and even of supporting suicide-attacks when the church speaks of Copts being martyred (because in Islam being “martyred” so often means actively sacrificing one’s life in “holy war”).

Isa, the Islamic Jesus

Now a well know cleric in Egypt—the same who insists that Muslim husbands must hate their non-Muslim wives—has just proclaimed that Jesus was against the idea of separation of church and state and that he supported the idea of jizya, the Koran-mandated tribute conquered non-Muslims, or dhimmis, are required to pay their overlords, “with willing submission,” per Koran 9:29.

Разговор газеты "Пирамиды" с Ясиром Бурхами (египетским ученым-салафитом) 10 ноября 2011 г.

Sheikh Yusuf Burhami, the most visible leader of Egypt’s Salafi movement—which, since the ousting of the Brotherhood, has become the primary Islamist party imposing Sharia in the new constitution—recently issued an Arabic-language fatwa arguing that the biblical statement attributed to Jesus—“Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s and unto God the things that are God’s.’” (Matt 22:21) —could not, as widely held by Christians, have meant that Jesus supported the separation of church and state, “because,” in Burhami’s words, “a separation between state and religion contradicts the texts of the Koran.”

By way of example, Burhami quotes the Koran in his fatwa, including verses like “Indeed, the matter belongs entirely to Allah” (Koran 3:154), which mainstream Islamic exegesis holds as meaning all earthly matters—all laws—must be decided by Allah, hence the totalitarian nature of Sharia law.

Asserts Burhami: “It’s impossible for the Masih [Messiah, Jesus]—peace be upon him—to call for the separation of state and religion, as meaning that politics are to be governed without the Sharia of Allah.”

Instead, according to the Salafi leader, the “true” Jesus—the Muslim one, Isa, who is a supporter of Sharia—made that assertion to confirm that conquered populations must pay tribute—jizya; or, in the context of Jesus’ discussion concerning the image of Caesar on a coin, that 1st century Jews were obligated to pay tribute to the Romans.

Thus, by rendering tribute to Caesar, Jews were also—as there is no separation between religion and state according to Burhami—rendering unto God what is God’s, since it is God (or “Allah”) who calls on them to pay tribute, or jizya.  That, according to the Salafi party of Egypt is what Jesus meant.

In the backdrop of Burhami’s fatwa are growing calls to make Egypt’s Christian Copts pay jizya to the state, as they historically did, as the Koran demands, and as vigilante Muslims are currently forcing them to do through violence.

Koran 9:29 calls on Muslims to fight and subjugate the “people of the book” (Jews and Christians) “until they pay jizya [tribute] with willing submission and feel themselves utterly subdued.”   If followed to the letter—and of all Muslims, Salafis most seek to follow the letter of the Koran—along with paying tribute, Copts would also be required to “feel themselves utterly subdued,” that is, far from being equal citizens of Egypt, they would be relegated to third-class status.

Meanwhile, if Muslims like Burhami are projecting Islam’s worst traits onto Christians (and onto Christ), Westerners are projecting Western civilization’s best traits (ironically born of Christian teachings)—including tolerance and pluralism—onto Muslims and thus incapable of believing the ugly reality of Christian suffering under Islam.

http://www.raymondibrahim.com/from-the-arab-world/muslim-jesus-demands-sharia-law-and-jizya-tribute/

If all these matters belong to Allah, what human judge can decide them?  Who can presume to act in the name of Allah? I guess it would be himself and others like him – methinks he’s hit his forehead once too many on the concrete.

Jesus Christ was very clear when He said – Render onto Caesar….


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The Art of Wine in Ancient Persia

December 4, 2013, 9:46 pm
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Iranian ^ | 11/10/05

“I could drink much wine and yet bear it well” — Darius the Great, King of Persia (6th BCE), Athenaeus 10.45

The history of wine making and wine drinking is an old one in Persia, and today the Darioush vineyard in the Napa Valley, California has become renowned in the art of wine making, is attempting to revive this tradition in the United States. Wine connoisseurs today may be familiar with the word Shiraz, the name of a town in southwest Persia famed for its grapes.

Whether or not the Shiraz grape was the source of the Medieval Syrah, brought to France from Persia in the thirteenth century CE by the knight, Gaspard de Sterimberg [1], or not is not central to the issue. What is important is that the mere fact that Shiraz is alleged as the source of the Rhone Valley grapes in Avignon, makes it clear that the prestige of the town and its grapes was fabled in antiquity and the middle ages. It was the Shiraz grape, again, which was brought to Australia in the nineteenth century CE, and which now has become well-known in the United States.

But the history of wine making in Persia is much older. How old, one may ask? Archaeological investigations have shown that in fact it was in Persia that the earliest wine was made in world history. [2] At Godin Tepe in Western Persia the earliest evidence for wine making and wine points to the fourth millennium BCE.[3]

The jars found there have yielded evidence of wine residue and it is thought that they were used for storing wine as its funnel for the wine makers.[4] The location of Godin Tepe along the east-west trade route also plays along with the story of Shiraz grape having been taken to the West, and the evidence here suggests that wine making may very well have had its diffusion from this location.


It is with the first Persian dynasty, the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BCE), that we find the culture of wine drinking in the form of long drinking vessels known as rhython. We hear that the Persian court was most elaborate place of feasting that the Greeks knew. The existence of rhytons and the mention of wine filters (Greek oino th toi) in the antique literature from Persia, all suggest the importance of the drink. [5]

Herodotus tells us that the Persians were very fond of wine (Old Persoan batu) and that they made important decisions in the following manner. First they became drunk, since they believed that only when you are drunk do you tell the truth. Then, the next day when they were sober they reconsidered the matter.[6] Pliny states that wine was also used with drugs for collecting information. The type of drug used with wine was called Achaemenis which had the following effect: “when it is drunk in wine, criminals confess to everything.” [7]


This interest in wine in Ancient Persia is manifest not only in material culture such as jars, plates and cups but is also documented in the written sources. A Middle Persian text from the Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE) entitled (King) Husraw and Page mentions the best foods and drinks that are fit for a king. It is really a royal menu which is rarely noticed by food historians.

The text was composed at the court of the King of Kings, Khosraw I in the sixth century CE, one of the greatest of the Sasanian monarchs who ruled Persia. What this text demonstrates that, just as today when we identify wines with regions such as France, Australia, Italy, California, etc. the Persians also were interested in wines from all regions. By this time the various kinds of wines were distinguished, by their color and filtering technique.

In this passage from the text the king asks what are the best wines and the Page answer:

“May you be immortal, these wines are all good and fine, the wine of Transoxania, when they prepare it well, the wine of Herat, the wine of Marw-Rud, the wine of Bust and the must of Hulwan, but no wine can ever compare with the Babylonian wine and the must of Bazrang.”[8]

The taste for various wines included may i sepid “white wine,” may i suxr “red wine.” These wines if course could have different qualities such as may i wirastag “clarified wine,” or also badag i abgen “crystal wine,” which were served in dolag or tong. For information on the daily usageand consumption of wine we can look at the papyri which are basically letters between Persian officers in the seventh century CE and which mention the following (Papyri 8809):

[8]


Persian woman pouring wine from a wall painting inside the Chehel Sotoun palace. 17th century

.
In Iran (Persia), mei (the Persian wine) has been a central theme of their poetry for more than a thousand years, although alcohol is strictly forbidden in Islam.

With the coming of Islam the consumption of wine and other alcoholic beverages was deemed haram “illicit,” but Medieval Persian texts, especially the genre known as “Mirrors for Princes,” demonstrate the continuing love of wine. Persians throughout their history have been able to compartmentalize their contradictory habits and mores. Thus, while Islam became an important facet of the Persian culture and, in turn benefited from that culture, may “wine” remained a constant motif in Persian literature.

Needless to say the Persians did not stop consuming Haoma and they still didn’t abstain when the Prophet Muhammad proclaimed against the consumption of wine.  
Notes
[1] “A Short history of Shiraz”
[2] P.E. McGovern, “Vin extraordinaire,” The Sciences, 36/6, 1996, pp. 7-31; P.E. McGovern, U. Hartung, V.R. Badler, D.L. Glusker, and L.J. Exner, “The Beginnings of Winemaking and Viniculture in the Ancient Near East and Egypt,” Expedition, 9/1, 1997, pp. 3-21.
[3] V.R. Badler, “The Archaeological Evidence for Winemaking, Distribution and Consumption at Proto-Historica Godin Tepe, Iran,” The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, ed. P.E. McGovern, S.J. Fleming, and S.H. Katz, Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1996, p. 45.
[4] Ibid., p. 51.
[5] Ph. Gignoux, “matériaux pour une histoire de vin dans l’iran ancien,” Matériaux pour l’histoire économique du monde iranien, eds. R. Gyselen and M. Szuppe, Studia Iranica, Cahier 21, Paris, 1999, P. 39.
[6] Herdotous, I. 135.
[7] Pliny, Natural History, 23.17
[8] D. Monchi-Zadeh “Xusrov i Kavatan ut Retak” Monumentum Morgenstiern, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, p. 75.
[9] S. Insler, The Gathas of Zarathustra, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1975, P. 93.
Touraj Daryaee is Professor of Ancient History at California State University, Fullerton.

http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Culture/wine_good.htm


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History of Jihad against the Zoroastrians of Iran (634-651)

December 6, 2013, 5:15 pm
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After the Arabs of the Arabian peninsula had been subjugated, the Muslims turned on their northern neighbors the Persians and the Byzantines.

Today when the Mullahs and Ayatollahs rule Iran, we might tend to think that they have always been characteristic of Iran. Not many know that Iran was the first nation that waged a short but bloodied campaign of battles with the Jihadi hounds that were unleashed on an unsuspecting world by Mohammed.


As they had done to provoke the pre-Muslim Quraish of Mecca into battle by raiding their caravans, the Muslim Arabs followed the same tradition of raiding the adversary when they turned on their first non-Arab neighbor the Persians. There were no caravans to loot now, since the Muslim Arabs were now dealing with a settled civilization.

So the Arabs started attacking the border towns and harassing the civilian Persian population. The people of the border areas along the Euphrates river petitioned the Persian king Yazdjurd (Yazdgard) to save them from the depredations of the Muslim Arabs.

Iran was the first country that lay blocking the path of these bloodthirsty maniacs who were out to impose their Islamic creed on all those who succumbed to their ruthless march. The Persians (and the Byzantines) were both unfit to defeat the Muslim Arabs, as till then in human history nowhere had a people been worked into a frenzy to go out defeat the adversary and convert the defeated and weak to a creed that imposed the same paranoia of converting still others who were unfortunate and weak to fall before the bloodthirsty Islamic Jihad.

Till the rise of the murderous creed of Islam, the world had known only imperial conquests, where the conqueror, be he Alexander, Cyrus, Julius Caesar, Hannibal or any other, the war took place between the opposing armies. The fate of the battle was decided on the battlefield alone. The common people, the unarmed civilians were not in danger of a victorious adversary imposing anything more than new taxes and new administrators.

How Islam changed the rules of warfare making the entire civilian population of a defeated adversary, into a victim of tyranny

The Muslim Arabs hounds who set their eyes on Persia (and the rest of the world) wanted not just to conquer land and impose new administrators and taxes, but they wanted to impose a creed on the Persians and make them as bloodthirsty in turn, to attack, other parts of the world. Those who fell victim to the swords of the Jihadis could only save their lives by becoming Muslims, and in turn themselves become bloodthirsty.


Those who fell victim to the swords of the Jihadis could only save their lives by becoming Muslims, and in turn themselves become bloodthirsty like the Muslims.

The Muslim Arabs hounds who set their eyes on Persia (and the rest of the world) wanted not just to conquer land and impose new administrators and taxes, but they wanted to impose a creed on the Persians and make them as bloodthirsty in turn, to attack, other parts of the world.

Islam was, and still is, a curse on humankind from the word go. At the pain of death, Islam spread like wildfire into Persia, making the Persians also into bloodthirsty wolves like the Muslim Arabs. It was the Persians who a hundred years later were to take this bloodthirsty creed to the Turks and the Turks in turn a few hundred years after that were to attack Byzantine and the Balkans.

Today the Persians (Iranians) have faint memories of their pre-Islamic past. The glories of Cyrus and Darius, of Pasargade, Persepolis, Ctesiphon, of Zarathushtra, and the Shah-Nameh. The student community is becoming increasingly aware of their pre-Islamic past mainly through the websites on the Internet, that tell the true story of Iran. And this adds fuel to the restlessness of the young among the Iranian population.

Today, they must realize that the twilight of the Mullahs is the last twilight before the dawn of the post-Islamic Iran. Iranians, need to not only overthrow the Mullah regime, but also discard Islam and return to their pre-Islamic Zoroastrian roots. Here we shall trace the struggle waged by Iran (Persia) against the Arab Hordes who forcibly imposed Islam on the defeated Persians at the pain of death and torture.

The Battles of Namraq and Kasker (12 A.H. 634 C.E.)

As they had done to provoke the pre-Muslim Quraish of Mecca into battle by raiding their caravans, the Muslim Arabs followed the same tradition of raiding the adversary when they turned on their first non-Arab neighbor the Persians. There were no caravans to loot now, since the Muslim Arabs were now dealing with a settled civilization.

So the Arabs started attacking the border towns and harassing the civilian Persian population. The people of the border areas along the Euphrates river petitioned the Persian king Yazdjurd (Yazdgard) to save them from the depredations of the Muslim Arabs. The king sent a reconnaissance force under the command of a general named Jaban. This force first approached the town of Hira that had been occupied by the Arabs. On seeing the Persians approach, the Arab force withdrew towards the desert into the oasis town of Namraq (modern Kufa) to draw the Persians into the desert, a terrain that the Arabs were familiar with, but the Persians were not.

The Arabs were on camels in addition to their infantry. The Persians were on horseback. While cavalry gave an advantage while fighting on normal terrain, they were a liability in the desert. With the Persians in the desert, the Arab force caught up with it and inflicted a defeat, and forced it to withdraw. The Persian reconnaissance force then withdrew to join the main Persian army at a town called Kasker.

Here another Persian general named Narsi had assembled a good concentration of forces. This town was well away from the border. Kaskar was so far away from the Muslim camp that Narsi felt that no Muslim attack could be imminent. But Abu Ubaid, the Muslim commander, thought otherwise. He thought that it would have a good psychological effect if in the wake of the battle of Namaraq itself, the Muslims rushed to Kaskar and deal with the Persian forces there before the forces under Jalinus, another Persian general could come to their assistance. This shows the Muslim daredevilry, which we must outmatch with our cowboy spirit, if we are to destroy Islam and win the war on terror.


When the Arab hordes started nearing Ctesiphon, the hapless Persian emperor Yazdgard, who had never thought that such a calamity would befall him with the barefooted Arab lizard eaters, coming at his doorstep as victors, sent out an emissary to the advancing Arab Muslims. The emissary said:

“Our emperor asks if you would be agreeable to peace on the condition that the Tigris should be the boundary between you and us, so that whatever is with us on the eastern side of the Tigris remains ours and whatever you have gained on the western side is yours. And if this does not satisfy your land hunger, then nothing would satisfy you.”

Saad-ibn-Wagas the Arab Muslim Commander-in-Chief told the emissary that the Muslims were not hungry for land; and that they were fighting to convert the Persians to Islam. He added that if the Persian emperor wanted peace it was open to him to accept Islam, or to pay Jizya. If both the alternatives were not acceptable then peace was out of question, and only the sword could decide the issue between them. This revealed the terminal uncompromising nature of the Islamic threat. Either you defeat and completely and permanently annihilate the Muslims, or they will continue to haunt you and make you embrace that bloodthirsty creed and turn you into bloodthirsty hounds yourself, baying for the blood of those who are as yet not Muslim.

Abu Ubaid accordingly ordered a march across the Suwad to Kaskar. Dashing across the Suwad the Muslim forces appeared at Kaskar before the astonished Persians. The Persians hurriedly brought their military into formation and the two forces faced each other at Saqatia a few miles from Kaskar.

The strategy of the Persians had been to defer action till the arrival of the force under another Persian general named Jalinus who had set off with additional forces. The strategy of the Muslims was to press the attack and force immediate decision. With this element of surprise, the Arabs kept the initiative in their hands and fell upon the Persians as soon as they reached the Persian camp. With this momentum, the Arabs were able to overwhelm the Persians at Kasker too and force them to retreat to the east, beyond the Euphrates.

Lessons from the Battles of Namraq and Kasker

The Arabs took these battles in their favor due to their guile in forcing the Persians into hostile and unfamiliar terrain and keeping the initiative in their hands, by pouncing upon the adversary the minute they sighted the Persians. These first defeats set the tone for future Arab-Persian battles and the ultimate defeat of Persia by the Arabs.

The lesson here is to keep the initiative always in our hands if the aim is to stun and defeat the Muslims. In the modern context, the 9/11 attacks on America were meant to stun America as the Arabs had stunned the Persians at their first battles at Namraq and Kasker. So after 9/11 if President Bush had immediately seized the initiative by taking out a couple of cities in the Muslim world using Neutrons or Nukes, this would have delivered a strong message to the beastly Muslims that they could not mess around with America. By going about a slow and conventional start, America has emboldened the Muslims to carry out attacks on other Western targets, as the Sassanid Persians did by their dithering and letting the Arabs take the initiative at the Battle Kasker, conveyed to the Arabs that they could overwhelm and stun the Persians if they kept the initiative in their hands.

Although the Muslims today cannot defeat the West, the West is giving them a lifeline by allowing the initiative to slip. On the other hand, the Muslims by staging dramatic attacks on Western targets like those at London, Beslan Madrid after 9/11, are living up to their tradition of keeping the initiative in their hands and hitting at their adversaries where they least expect to be hit. The lesson which these first battles between the Persians and Arabs give us today is to keep the initiative in the war on terror completely in the hands of the West and to hit the enemy where it hurts most – by nuking Mecca during Hajj. And carrying out large scale attacks during Ramzan and regular attacks to coincide with the Friday noon prayers across the most populous towns in the Islamic crescent.


When the battle of Nihavend started going the way of the Persians, the Arabs faced certain defeat. This was the first day of the Battle. To turn the tide against the Persians, the Arab Muslims decided to use foul play.

Ali who was Mohammed’s son-in-law and the husband of the Child Persian Princess Shahrbanu (Princess of the Town – of Ctesiphon), suggested a base move to the Arab Muslim commander Mugheera-ibn-Shu’ba. After the battle of Qadsiyyah, when the Persians had hastily evacuated their capital Ctesiphon, many children and old people had been left behind in the chaos. The older persons were given the choice of accepting Islam or death, many of them preferred to die. But the young girls and boys were taken as slaves and distributed amongst the Arabs as war booty. Among the unfortunate children who were left behind, was Shahrbanu a child princess of the Persian King Yazdgard. When the Arabs came to know about Shahrbanu (who was then three years old) they presented her as a gift to the Caliph Umar, who in turn gifted her to Mohammed’s son-in-law Ali. At that time Ali was thirty two years old and he decided to take a three year old child princess as his concubine!

Now at the battle of Nihavend, Ali who was present with his captive child wife Princess Shahrbanu, suggested to Mugheera-ibn-Shu’ba that he offer the Persian princess as a bait to the Persian army to tempt it to leave its fortified position and walk into an Arab trap. According to Ali’s advise, on the second day Mugheera-ibn-Shu’ba displayed the captured Persian child princess to the assembled Persians and said that he would kill the princess on the battle field and of the Persians had the courage, they could come and save her. As a reaction, and against their commanders’ orders the front ranks of the Persian soldiers broke their formation and charged at the Arabs leaving the fortified heights they had occupied on the first day of the war.

Seeing the Persians leaving their fortified unassailable positions Mugheera ordered his troop to withdraw into a valley and then climb into the hill of the opposite hill. The Persians thinking that the Arab Army was retreating with their princess, completely broke their formation to liberate their princess from the clutches of her Arab captors, and charged at the Arabs who were feigning to retreat. When the Persians with their heavy armor, reached the lowermost portion of the valley, the Arab with their light cavalry fell upon them from three sides. This way using foul tactics the Arabs, could annihilate the Persians once again. The carnage of Nihavend was the break the back of the Persian resistance to Islam and the remaining history of Persia is that of Arabization and Islamization.

Lessons of the Battle of the Bridge (Al Jisr) – 14 A.H. 636 C.E.

At the next major clash which is known as the Battle of the Bridge between the Persians and the Arab Muslims, the Persians used elephants for the first time, which were new for the denizens of the desert the Bedouin Arab Muslims. At the battle of the Bridge (the Battle of Al Jisr in Arab chronicles), the Persians used their elephants to trample over the Arab attackers. They even trampled the Arab general, due to which there was panic among the Arab army which stared retreating. The Persians chased the Arabs up to the Bridge on the Tigris river, which then marked the boundary between the Persian empire and the domain of the Arabs.

The Persians stopped at the bridge and chased the Arabs across it, but did not follow the Arabs into the Arabian desert. The Persians wasted an opportunity to utterly defeat the Muslims by going right into Arabia and hunting down the Muslim Arabs in their homeland and slaughtering them in the same manner in which the Arab Muslims slaughtered all their adversaries and speaking to the Muslims in the only language they understand – that of blood and death.

This the Persians did, as that was how battles had been fought from time immemorial till the beastly Muslims came on the scene. Alexander did not slaughter his adversaries, neither did he forcibly convert them into Greeks. Nor did the Romans do this neither did the Byzantines, nor did the Persians.

The Persians and the Byzantines had been fighting for four hundred years till before the Arab Muslims invaded both their empires, but neither the Persians nor the Byzantines exterminate each armies to the last man, nor did they torment each other’s civilian populations, and less so did they try to convert each other’s civilian population to their own faiths the way the Arab Muslims were to do with both. Today we find no Zoroastrians in Iran, Afghanistan or Baluchistan, which were ruled by the Zoroastrian Persian dynasties like the Hakkamanishiya (Acheamenian) and the Sassanids. As we do not find any Christians in any significant number in Syria, Jordan or Turkey which were Byzantine provinces.

With the Arabs it was going to be different. The Muslims were to slaughter all defeated armies to the last man, and then terrorize the civilian population to embrace Islam. Had the Persians known this and had they decided to respond in the same way, they should have slaughtered the entire fleeing Arab army at the Battle of Al Jisr (Battle of the Bridge) and then they should have gone into nook and cranny of Arabia (as Mohammed had done) to convert the newly converted Arab Muslims to any religion, but the vicious creed of Islam.


The tale of Arab Muslim victories is a tale of sedition, cheating, bribery, betrayal and foul tactics that included shooting arrows at the steeds, slashing their feet to bring the riders down while they were engaged with another attacker, so much for Arab Muslim valor in winning wars!

During the Muslim aggression against Sassanid Persia, Arab chroniclers tell us that a huge camel like Persian champion named Shahryar, challenged the Arabs to a duel of single combat. They refer to him as a camel like man, perhaps since he could have had a protruding lower lip, that would have made his face look like that of a camel which has a protruding lower lip. This Persian champion had the Arab champion at his mercy, and was about to pin him to the ground, when the Arab champion, on realizing that he could only defeat the Persian with foul tactics, bit the Persian’s thumb so hard that he crushed it between his teeth. When the Persian momentarily withdrew writing in pain, the Arab stabbed him to death. This is one example of the foul tactics using which the Arab Muslims defeated their adversaries.

The Persians cannot be blamed for not doing this, since they did not know the kind of enemy that they were facing, so they allowed the retreating Muslim army to flee. An army that was to come back again to slaughter the entire Persian army at Qadissiyah and in all other battles where the Arab Muslims faced the Persians and all other adversaries, after which they were to terrorize the civilian population to embrace Islam.

But while the Persians can be forgiven for not having done that to the Muslims, today when we know what Islam is all about and we have the track record of Islam to see, it is foolish and suicidal not to do this. By “this” we mean to not just defeat Islam on the battlefield, but to forcibly convert the Muslims to any other religion, but their accursed creed of Islam by giving them a choice of giving up Islam or death. This is the lesson for us of the battle of Al Jisr (the battle of the Bridge).

An opportunity to do this was lost by the Franks at the Battle of Poitiers in 732, by the Austrians and Poles at the battle of Vienna in 1683 by the Hindus at the Battle of Tarain in 1191 at the Battle of the Bridge by the Persians in 634, and more recently at the six day war in 1967 by the Israelis; the liberation of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003, after which we should have forced the defeated Muslims to choose between abjuring Islam, or embracing death. But for this the non-Muslim do not yet have an understanding of their enemy – the Muslims.

We have not yet realized what can defeat Islam, once and forever. And so we have repeated the folly of letting a defeated Muslim army and nations go scot free at all these and at and countless other battles at which the victorious non-Muslims had the Muslims at their mercy. The lesson for us to learn fast is never to allow the murderous Muslims to retreat unmolested after they have been defeated, but to press on with consolidating the victory by giving the Muslim the choice of abjuring Islam or embracing death. Inhuman as this may sound, it is the only workable way of defeating Islam once and forever.

All our acts of letting Islam survive after every defeat were costly mistakes that came back to haunt humankind time and again the last time spectacularly on 9/11, and which is bound to repeat itself over and over again till the world decides that enough is enough and puts a full and final end to the menace called Islam.


It was at the Battle of Ghadasia (Cadesia or Qadisiyah) with the Persians (15 A.H., 637 C.E.), that the Muslims demonstrated one of their unique techniques of decapitating the body of the commanding general of the opposite army and displaying his body to his troops to demoralize them into retreat and defeat. During the night of clangor, the Arabs waylaid the Persian general Rustam by sneaking into the Persian camp disguised as wounded Persian soldiers, and once they set their hands on him, they beheaded him much in the same way as Zarqawi does today with his Western captives. The Arabs displayed Rustam’s decapitated body to the Persian army at the morning of the fourth and final day of the battle of Qadisiyah (Cadesia).

The grisly sight of their general’s headless body riddled with arrows lying on the battlefield with his severed head pierced on a spear paraded by the depraved Muslims was a sight that even the war-hardened Persian army was not used to. This sealed the fate of the battle and the Arabs could make short shrift of the remaining Persian army, killing it to the last man, except a few who managed to retreat towards their capital Ctesiphon, which was the next target of the attacking Muslims.

The lessons for us here is to realize the depravity of the enemy we face in the Muslims – an enemy who dances on corpses, displays body parts as souvenirs, who distributes candy to celebrate death of an adversary. Against such a ghoulish adversary, we are fully within our rights to use nuclear weapons to reduce the enemy to radioactive dust across the entire swath of the Islamic crescent from Morocco through Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Pakistan up to Malaysia and the Indonesian archipelago.

The seminal Battle of Ghadasia (Cadesia or Qadisiyah) with the Persians (15 A.H., 637 C.E.)

At this seminal battle fought over four days, the Persians were led by a capable general named Rustam-e-Farrokhzad (Farokh Hormazd), and only the foul tactics of Saad-Ibn-Waqas, the Arab Muslim commander could bring defeat and death to Rustam and the Persian army. Under Saad-ibn-Waqas, the Muslims very effectively used the tactic of luring the Arab contingent to defect from the Persian army, join the Arab Muslims and betray their non-Muslim Zoroastrian paymasters. This way the Muslims could get to know the weaknesses of the Persian army and devise tactics to trick and defeat the Persians.

One of these tactics was the cutting off the girdles of the Howdas (seats) of those who were riding the elephants, so that the howdas along with the riders would fall and thus the elephant would become directionless. The elephants played havoc on the Arabs at beginning of the first day of the battle. But when the Arab contingent who had defected, betrayed the Persian paymasters and told the Arab Muslims to cut the girdles of the elephants, the elephants became directionless and useless. This was one foul tactic that the Muslims used to defeat their more superior Persian adversary.

The second tactic told by the defectors was to blind the elephants in one eye only, so that they would lose direction and flee away from the direction, of its attackers. When this gruesome act was done, the elephants turned around away from the Arab-Muslim tormentors and broke through the Persian ranks, causing disorder in the Persian army and opened up passages for the Muslims to advance into the Persian ranks. This was the second tactic which the defectors told the Arab Muslims to use, due to which the tide of the battle turned in favor of the Muslim – so much for Allah giving them victory.

The Arabs and Persians had agreed at the beginning of the battle not fight after sundown, but when the tide of the battle began to turn against the Persians on the third day of the battle, the Arabs attacked the Persians all through the night, shouting Allah-o-Akbar. This was the Night of Clangor, which sealed the fate of the battle in favor of the deceitful and barbaric Muslim Arabs.

The victory was a result of deceit, which the adversaries of the Muslims today need to remember when fighting the Muslims. Today the Muslims try to deflect the American effort at war, by many such tactics based on their mean psychology of deceit. They say that the 9/11 attacks were the handiwork of the Jews (sic). They say that they are fighting in self-defense and so they kill innocent civilians, women and children (at Beslan). They march in droves in the “Peace Rallies” in which they are encouraged by their socialist and communist 5th columnist bedmates – those accursed snakes in the grass.

This kind of deceit has been used by the Muslims in all their encounters all through the 1400 years of their existence. This base and mean mentality of the Muslims will have to borne in mind and countered if we are to finally defeat the Muslims in our generation and to permanently end the menace of Islam.

Lessons from the Battle of Ghadasia (Cadesia or Quadsiyyah) with the Persians (15 A.H., 637 C.E.)

It was at this battle that the Muslims demonstrated one of their unique techniques of decapitating the body of the commanding general of the opposite army and displaying his body to his troops to demoralize them into retreat and defeat – something which neither Alexander, nor Cyrus, nor Darius, nor Julius Caesar, nor Hannibal had done.

During the night of clangor, the Arabs waylaid the Persian general Rustam, and once they set their hands on him, they beheaded him much in the same way as Zarqawi does today with his Western captives. After this Arabs displayed Rustam’s decapitated body to the Persian army at the next morning of the fourth and final day of the battle of Qadisiyah (Cadesia).

The grisly sight of their general’s headless body riddled with arrows lying on the battlefield with his severed head pierced on a spear paraded by the depraved Muslims was a sight that even the war-hardened Persian army was not used to. This sealed the fate of the battle, and the Arabs could make short shrift of the remaining Persian army, killing it to the last man, except a few who managed to retreat towards their capital Ctesiphon, which was the next target for the attacking Muslims.

The lessons for us here is to realize the depravity of the enemy we face in the Muslims – an enemy who dances on corpses, displays body parts as souvenirs, who distributes candy to celebrate death of an adversary. Against such a ghoulish adversary, we are fully within our rights to use all the weapons in our arsenal including nuclear weapons, to reduce the enemy to radioactive dust across the entire swath of the Islamic crescent from Morocco through Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Pakistan up to Malaysia and the Indonesian archipelago.


After the battle of Qadsiyyah, when the Persians had hastily evacuated their capital Ctesiphon, many children and old people had been left behind in the chaos. The older persons were given the choice of accepting Islam or death, many of them preferred to die. But the young girls and boys were marched off as slaves and distributed amongst the Arabs as war booty. This rapacious behavior was to be repeated over and over again at Jerusalem (636), Damascus (637), Cesaria (639), Alexandria (650), Tripoli (651), Constantinople (1453) and in every defeat which the Muslims inflicted on their non-Muslim adversaries.

How Islamic deceit made single combat a deathly struggle for its adversaries

The Persians, who were one of the first non-Arab people, on whom the Muslims fell upon, had a tradition of single combat, which they used in many battles. The strongest person from each army would fight the champion of the adversary’s army. The winner’s army would be deemed to have won the battle, and the actual battle was not then fought, as both the armies were honor-bound to abide by the result of the duel.

The duel was a test of strength and skill. The opponents were not bound to kill their adversary, but only to defeat him, and in most cases the defeated champion was allowed to return to his camp, and his army withdrew thus preventing a battle and saving of many lives. The Persians, the pre-Islamic Turks, the Greeks and Romans had used this practice of single-combat to settle the result of many a battle. This practice was fine as long as both the adversaries were bound by honor.

But with the coming of the dishonorable Muslims, the single combat, became a farce. It was now one more tool to humiliate the enemy and to demoralize it before the actual combat could begin. Even if the Arab Champion was defeated, the Arabs would nevertheless attack the opposing army. And if the Arab champion was victorious, he would not just defeat the opposing adversary but kill him, after which the Arab army would thereupon fall on the opposing army and a carnage would follow.

The Arabs never allowed their adversaries to escape by retreating. They found sadistic glee in slaughtering their defeated opponents to the last man. The Persians were the first to bear the brunt of this beastly mentality of the Muslim Arabs.

The Persians had specialized a practice wherein they nurtured champions who were called Hazar Mard (A thousand men), which meant that these champions had the strength of a thousand men and who would fight off a champion from the opposing army to stave off the need for an actual battle.

Arab chroniclers have gloated about the heap of bones that marked every encounter of the Persians and the Arabs. At the battle of Al Madain (Tessfoon or Ctesiphon) the capital of the Sassanids, Arab chroniclers tell us that a huge camel like Persian champion named Shahryar, challenged the Arabs to a duel of single combat. They refer to him as a camel like man, perhaps since he could have had a protruding lower lip, that would have made his face look like that of a camel which also has a protruding lower lip.

This Persian champion had the Arab champion at his mercy, and was about to pin him to the ground, when the Arab champion, on realizing that he could only defeat the Persian with foul tactics, bit the Persian’s thumb so hard that he crushed it between his teeth. When the Persian momentarily withdrew writing in pain, the Arab stabbed him to death. This is one example of the foul tactics using which the Arab Muslims defeated their adversaries.


The Arch of Chosroes (Takht-e-Kisra) is all that remains of the awesome grandeur of the White Palace at Ctesiphon capital of the Sassanian Empire. After the Muslims captured Ctesiphon, they were befuddled by its shear beauty and opulence. Desert nomads that they were, they could not figure out what they could do with an imperial capital with its palaces, carpets, baths, terrace gardens, orchards. The abominably cruel and violent bare-footed, lizard-eating Muslim Arabs had no use for these trappings of a civilized life, they stripped the city of all moveable items like jewelry, carpets, ornate furniture and then they reduced the city to rubble and carried away its residents to slavery in to the sandy wastes of Arabia. The tale of Arab Muslim victories is a tale of destruction, vandalism, savagery that included burning down libraries, destroying fire-temples (Zoroastrian places of worship), slaughter of captured civilians to ensure that civilization would never rise up again after an Islamic victory.

The Muslim Capture of the Persian capital Ctesiphon revealed the nature of the Islamic threat

After the Arabs has slaughtered two thirds of the Persian army at Qadissiyah, they did not stop, but continued to march to the Persian capital Ctesiphon (Teesfoon). The Arabs were not interested in a border war but were intent in defeating Persia utterly by marching into the nook and corner of that country. The prize – the Persian capital was the first in their path. When the Arab hordes started nearing Ctesiphon, the hapless Persian emperor Yazdgard, who had never thought that such a calamity would befall him with the barefooted Arab lizard eaters, coming to his doorstep as victors, sent out an emissary to the advancing Arab Muslims. The emissary said:

“Our emperor asks if you would be agreeable to peace on the condition that the Tigris should be the boundary between you and us, so that whatever is with us on the eastern side of the Tigris remains ours and whatever you have gained on the western side is yours. And if this does not satisfy your land hunger, then nothing would satisfy you.”

Saad-ibn-Wagas the Arab Muslim Commander-in-Chief told the emissary that the Muslims were not hungry for land; and that they were fighting to convert the Persians to Islam. He added that if the Persian emperor wanted peace it was open to him to accept Islam, or to pay Jizya. If both the alternatives were not acceptable then peace was out of question, and only the sword could decide the issue between them.

After the Muslims marched in to Ctesiphon, they occupied the White Palace of the Persian kings, where as token of thanksgiving to allah for they beheaded the Persian commandant left by the retreating Persian Emperor, and displayed this head to the assembled Persian captives giving them a choice of Islam, or death. This is how the first batch of Zoroastrian Sassanid Persians were converted to Islam.

This revealed the terminal uncompromising nature of the Islamic threat. Either you defeat and completely and permanently annihilate the Muslims, or they will continue to haunt you and make you embrace that bloodthirsty creed and turn you into bloodthirsty hounds yourself, baying for the blood of those who are as yet not Muslim. The governments of the USA, UK, Russia and other Western (and Eastern nations) need to recognize the threat of Jihadi terrorism for what it is, an existential threat. Either you survive or the Muslims survive – both cannot survive!

You cannot negotiate with the Muslims. You cannot compromise with them, you cannot appease them, while remaining non-Muslims, you can only fight them to death, either your death or theirs. And if civilization has to survive, all non-Muslims need to unite and take Islam to its grave. There is no other escape from the Islamic challenge to human civilization.


After the Muslims marched in to Ctesiphon, they occupied the White Palace of the Persian kings, where as token of thanksgiving to allah for they beheaded the Persian commandant left by the retreating Persian Emperor, and displayed this head to the assembled Persian captives giving them a choice of Islam, or death.


After this they brought each of the Persian noblemen who had the misfortune to having fallen in to the hands of the Arab Muslims as prisoners in front of the Saad-ibn-Wagas, the Muslim gangster who now occupied the throne of the Persian Emperor and gave the prisoners a choice of Islam or death. This is how the first batch of Zoroastrian Sassanid Persians were converted to Islam.

This revealed the terminal uncompromising nature of the Islamic threat. Either you defeat and completely and permanently annihilate the Muslims, or they will continue to haunt you and make you embrace that bloodthirsty creed and turn you into bloodthirsty hounds yourself, baying for the blood of those who are as yet not Muslim. The governments of the USA, UK, Russia and other Western (and Eastern nations) need to recognize the threat of Jihadi terrorism for what it is, an existential threat. Either you survive or the Muslims survive – both cannot survive!

You cannot negotiate with the Muslims. You cannot compromise with them, you cannot appease them, while remaining non-Muslims, you can only fight them to death, either your death or theirs. And if civilization has to survive, all non-Muslims need to unite and take Islam to its grave. There is no other escape from the Islamic challenge to human civilization.

After the disastrous defeat at Qadsiyah and the occupation of his capital Ctesiphon, the Hapless Persian emperor Yazgard, withdrew to the fortress of Hulwan, from there to Rayy and finally to Merv, near the border of the Persian empire with the domain of the Central Asian Turks, where he died fighting the Muslims in 651 – seventeen years after the Arabs had first attacked Persia. But before this had to happen, the Persians put up one final major resistance to the Muslims at Nihavend (Nihawand).

Lessons from the battle of Nihavend

After the disastrous defeat at Qadisiyah, the Persians regrouped under a new Commander-in-Chief named Pirojan. The first step that Pirojan took was to re-organize the Persian army in the light of the foul tactics that the Arabs used. He purged the Persian army of all Arab contingents, and provided the entire Persian army with mail armor. The Persians had a burning desire in them to liberate Persia that was being slowly occupied by the Arabs after their victory at Qadisiyah.

The Persians took the oath by the holy fire that they will die, but not let the Arabs occupy the Persia. With this new resolution, the Persians regrouped their forces at Nihavend. When the two armies faced each other, the Persians had taken a vantage position on the slope of a hill. The Arab historians describe the Persian army as a ‘Mountain of Steel’. The determined Persians put up a stiff resistance under the leadership of their general Mardanshah and the Arabs could not make any headway.

The battle of Nihavend was going the way of the Persians and the Arabs faced certain defeat. This was the first day of the Battle. To turn the tide against the Persians, the Arab Muslims decided to use foul play once again.

Ali who was Mohammed’s son-in-law and the husband of the child Persian Princess Shahrbanu, suggested a base move to the Arab Muslim commander Mugheera-ibn-Shu’ba. At the battle of Qadisiyah, when the Persians has hastily evacuated their capital Ctesiphon, many children and old people had been left behind in the chaos. The older persons were given the choice of accepting Islam or death, many of them preferred to die. But the young girls and boys were taken as slaves and distributed amongst the Arabs as war booty. This rapacious behavior was to be repeated over and over again at Jerusalem (636), Damascus (637), Cesaria (639), Alexandria (650), Constantinople (1453) and in every defeat which the Muslims inflicted on their non-Muslim adversaries.

At the Persian capital Ctesiphon, among the unfortunate children who were left behind, was Shahrbanu a child princess of the Persian King Yazdgard. When the Arabs came to know about Shahrbanu (who was then three years old) they presented her as a gift to the Caliph Umar, who in turn gifted her to Mohammed’s son-in-law Ali as maal-e-ganimat (slaves obtained by Muslims after a war).

At that time Ali was thirty two years old and he decided to take the three year old child princess as his concubine! In doing this he was following the illustrious (sic) footsteps of his lecherous father-in-law Mohammed. The lecherous Mohammed had married and consummated his marriage with a seven year old girl named Ayesha in addition to many other unfortunate young and beautiful ladies who had been captured by the Muslim gangsters in the numerous wars at Badr, Uhud, Trench, Autas in the Arabian peninsula.

It was from this “marriage” of Ali to Princess Shahrbanu, that he fathered his two sons Hassan and Husain, who were later murdered in Battle of Karbala in October of AD 680. Ali himself had been murdered in 39 A.H. (661 C.E.). The descendants of Hassan and Hussain were to be the Shiite Imams who founded the Shia sect of Islam that had mixed Persian (royal Sassanid) and Arab ancestry. (Arab historians deliberately attribute the motherhood of these two sons of Ali to Fatima, another of Ali’s wives, and the daughter of Mohammed.

But the reason for such attribution is to keep the ancestry of Husain and Hassan purely to Arabs and to suppress the royal Sassanid Persian element of their ancestry.

The historical fact is that Shahrbanu the Persian princess was the mother of Hassan and Hussain. So the descendants of Hussain and Hassan from whom came many of the Shiite Imams had royal Sassanid Persian ancestry. A fact that the Muslim historians try to hide by wrongly claiming that Sharbanu was a young princess of marriagable age when she had been captured by the Arabs.

We know that the battle of Qadisiyah had been fought in the year 637, and Yazdgard had ascended the throne in the year 634, when his age was 21 – twenty one. So in 637 when he fled his capital leaving behind his daughter he was 24. How could a King aged 24 have a daughter who herself was a teenager or a young lady?

The Muslim historians have us believe that Shahrbanu was honorably married off by Ali to his son Hussain from whom she begot Ali’s grandon Ali Zayn al Abidin (the fourth Shia Imam) in 658 CE.

But we know that princess Shahrbanu was abducted in the year 637, and according to Arab accounts she gave birth to a son in 658. If she was a young lady when she was abducted in 637 then why did she have to wait for 21 years till 658 before she could beget? Especially so considering that the Muslims force their wives to procreate as soon as they can lay their hands on them!? The Arab Muslims and their Iranian Muslim cohorts are practising their ritual deception taqiya to mislead us and give a veneer of hanorablity to the abduction and rape of Shahrbanu by Ali when he lustfully took the Persian princess into his harem as his rightful property (maal-e-ganimat) won after a war as per the henious Muslim custom.

This is the reason why most Persians are Shias. The Persian converts to Islam saw in the Shiite Imams a continuation of their pre-Islamic royal Sassanid lineage as the Shiite Imams were descended from the union of Ali with Shahrbanu (or of Hussain with Shahrbanu in which case too the royal Sassanid Persian element of the ancestry of the Shiite Imams remains). The Zoroastrian converts who yearned for a return to the Sassanid days saw in Ali, Hussain, Hassan and the Shiite Imams, the successors to their Sassanid emperor Yazgard by virtue of Ali (or by some accounts his son Hussain) being the husband of their princess Shahrbanu.

The Shias who are mainly Persian, Iraqi and Bahraini converts to Islam came from those parts which constituted the Sassanid empire before being overrun by the Muslims. These converts saw in Hussain and Hassan, the continuation of their old Sassanid royal lineage thru the Sassanid princess Shahrbanu along with the ancestry of Mohammed, as Ali her husband, the father of Hussain and Hassan, was Mohammed’s cousin. So they formed a cult within Islam separate from that of the Sunnis who came from the Arab Peninsula that was not a part of the Sassanid empire. Thus in today’s Shia-Sunni divide we can see the expression of the Persian-Arab divide that existed before the birth of Islam.

Coming back to the battle of Nihavend, Ali who was present with his captive child wife Princess Shahrbanu, suggested to Mugheera-ibn-Shu’ba that he offer the Persian princess as a bait to the Persian army to tempt it to leave its fortified position and walk into an Arab trap.

According to Ali’s advise, on the second day Mugheera-ibn-Shu’ba displayed the captured Persian child princess to the assembled Persians and said that he would kill the princess on the battle field and if the Persians had the courage, they could come and save her.

The astonished Persians took some time to recognize the princess. But once they recognized her as their own princess, who had been captured by the Arabs after the battle of Qadsiyyah four years back, they went into a frenzy of rescuing her. Against their commanders’ orders the front ranks of the Persian soldiers broke their formation and charged at the Arabs leaving the fortified heights they had occupied on the first day of the war.

Seeing the Persians leaving their fortified unassailable positions, Mugheera ordered his troop to withdraw into a valley and then climb into the hill of the opposite hill. The Persians thinking that the Arab Army was retreating with their princess, completely broke their formation to liberate their princess from the clutches of her Arab captors, and charged at the Arabs who were feigning to retreat. When the Persians with their heavy armor, reached the lowermost portion of the valley, the Arab with their light cavalry fell upon them from three sides. Weighed down by their armor and being chained to each other, the Persians had little room for maneuvering in the narrow valley where the Arabs had hemmed them in. After a valiant but futile battle, what followed was a carnage of the Persian army all through the day. By nightfall the remnants of the Persian army retreated in the dark and many of the retreating Persians fell into the steep cliff, behind the hill on which they had assembled to attack the Arabs from the high ground.

This way using foul tactics the Arabs, could annihilate the Persians once again. The carnage of Nihavend was the break the back of the Persian resistance to Islam and the remaining history of Persia is that of Arabization and Islamization. The Persia we next hear of is the Islamic Persia of Muslim dynasties the Samanids, and the Safavids of Muslim kings like Shah Abbas and Nader Shah. Although the Persian were forced to become Muslims, they preserved the faint memory of their pre-Muslim past, that was captured by poets, historians and bards in their works, of which Firdawsi’s Shah-nameh is the most famous example.

Using imagery we can say that Zoroastrian Sassanian Persia was like a strong horse, who had been caught unawares by the Islamic tiger prowling around it, and when the tiger pounced on the horse and caught it by its neck, the struggle of the strong horse was not enough to save itself from the vice-like grip of the tiger’s fangs. The horse had to meet its end, in becoming the first major victim of the Islamic Jihad. It is up to the Iranians of today to realize what happened to their ancestors in history and repudiate the bloodied creed that the bare-footed lizard eaters of the desert imposed on their refined ancestors.

How the Muslims forcibly converted the Zoroastrians of Iran to Islam

Today we do not have an idea of how a merciless jihad transformed Iranian Zoroastrian society into a Muslim one. We have definitive assessments of those few Zoroastrian communities which survived the devastating jihadist conquests of the mid 7th through early 8th centuries. All through the Muslim Arab occupation of Iran, the Zoroastrians experienced an ongoing, inexorable decline over the next millennium due to constant sociopolitical and economic pressures exerted by their Muslim rulers, and neighbors.

This gradual, but continuous process was interspersed with periods of accelerated decline resulting from paroxysms of Muslim fanaticism- pogroms, forced conversions, and expropriations – throughout the millennium beginning from the year 637. Boyce describes these complementary phenomena based on an historical analysis, and her personal observations living in the (central Iranian) Yezd area during the 1960s:

”In the mid nineteenth century disaster overtook Turkabad, in the shape of what was perhaps the last massed forcible conversion in Iran. It no longer seems possible to learn anything about the background of this event; but it happened, so it is said, one autumn day when the dye-madder – then one of the chief local crops – was being lifted. All the able-bodied men were at work in teams in the fields when a body of Moslems swooped on the village and seized them. They were threatened, not only with death for themselves, but also with the horrors that would befall their women and children, who were being terrorized at the same time in their homes; and by the end of the day of violence most of the village had accepted Islam.

To recant after a verbal acknowledgement of Allah and his prophet meant death in those days, and so Turkabad was lost to the old religion. Its fire-temple was razed to the ground, and only a rough, empty enclosure remained where once it had stood.


We shall give our blood for you Khamenei – Iranian Basij militia march through Tehran during the bloodied Shiite festival of Ashura. Display of their cruel and blood-thirsty mentality is a matter of pride for Muslims.

A similar fate had overtaken many Iranian villages in the past, among those which did not willingly embrace Islam; and the question seems less why it happened to Turkabad than why it did not overwhelm all other Zoroastrian settlements. The evidence, scanty though it is, shows, however, that the harassment of the Zoroastrians of Yazd tended to be erratic and capricious, being at times less harsh, or bridled by strong governors; and in general the advance of Islam across the plain, through relentless, seems to have been more by slow erosion than by furious force. The process was still going on in the 1960s, and one could see, therefore, how it took effect.

Muslim techniques of forced conversions to Islam

Either a few Moslems settled on the outskirts of a Zoroastrian village, or one or two Zoroastrian families adopted Islam. Once the dominant faith had made a breach, it pressed in remorselessly, like a rising tide. More Muslims came, and soon a small mosque was built, which attracted yet others. As long as Zoroastrians remained in the majority, their lives were tolerable; but once the Moslems became the more numerous, a petty but pervasive harassment was apt to develop.

This was partly verbal, with taunts about fire-worship, and comments on how few Zoroastrians there were in the world, and how many Moslems, who must therefore posses the truth; and also on how many material advantages lay with Islam. The harassment was often also physical; boys fought, and gangs of youth waylaid and bullied individual Zoroastrians. They also diverted themselves by climbing into the local tower of silence and desecrating it, and they might even break into the fire-temple and seek to pollute or extinguish the sacred flame.

Those Muslims with heightened criminal leanings, which were natural to them, found too that a religious minority provided tempting opportunities for theft, pilfering from the open fields, and sometimes rape and arson. Those Zoroastrians who resisted all these pressures often preferred therefore in the end to sell out and move to some other place where their co-religionists were still relatively numerous, and they could live at peace; and so another village was lost to the old faith.

Several of the leading families in Sharifabad and forebears who were driven away by intense Moslem pressure from Abshahi, once a very devout and orthodox village on the southern outskirts of Yazd; and a shorter migration had been made by the family of the centenarian ‘Hajji’ Khodabakhsh, who had himself been born in the 1850s and was still alert and vigorous in 1964. His family, who were very pious, had left their home in Ahmedabad (just to the north of Turkabad) when he was a small boy, and had come to settle in Sharifabad to escape persecution and the threats to their orthodox way of life. Other Zoroastrians held out there for a few decades longer, but by the end of the century Ahmedabad was wholly Moslem, as Abshahi become in 1961. [Boyce's footnote: The last Zoroastrian family left Abshahi in 1961, after the rape and subsequent suicide of one of their daughters.]

It was noticeable that the villages which were left to the Zoroastrians were in the main those with poor supplies of water, where farming conditions were hard.

Now we examine the tall boasts that Muslims make about themselves in heralding the Islamic Renaissance when the Western world was in the Dark Ages.

Exposing the Myth of Islamic Science

Much is said about the Islamic Renaissance at Baghdad, especially under the caliphate of Harun-al–Rashid. In the Arabian peninsula (jazeera), the Arabs had lived in a hardy and barren area, which was not conducive to the growth of civilization. But this lack of a civilized life among the Arabs has no ethnic reason. The same Semitic Arabs, who lived in the fertile crescent in Mesopotamia had developed advanced civilizations of Babylon (the Mesopotemians and the Assyrians). But for those others who lived in the desert, the arid fastness precluded them from developing any substantial civilization in Arabia itself. And we need to note that Arabia is the birthplace of Islam, not Mesopotamia. So the way of life associated with Islam was based on the same meager barren desert life of Arabia.

Hence Islam was a simple religion, as it was born in an environment where people lived at subsistence, in an extreme climate which made them temperamental – this is the root of Muslim fanaticism. A trait that was passed on to all the peoples from different climates and geographic environments who were forced to accept Islam.


Today – The Village Idiot represents the Great Persian Empire. Cyrus must be turning in his grave

There was in fact a forced Arabization of the Persians (in Iran, Afghanistan), North African Hamitic people (in Egypt, Libya, Sudan) the North African Berbers (in Algeria, Morocco), the Negros (in Kenya, Tanzania, Nigeria, Niger) the Turks (in Turkey, Turkmenistan, Chechnya) the Mongols (in Uzbekistan, Kazakistan, Tajikistan), Hindus (in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka), Slavs (in Bosnia, Kosovo, Albania) etc.

But the converted Persians, Hindus and North Africans had cultured and civilized pre-Islamic pasts. They had developed advanced civilizations of Egypt, India and Persia. So when these people were militarily defeated and forcibly converted to Islam, they brought in cultured traits and a tradition of learning into Islam.

In fact the first codified grammar of Arabic was written by a Persian. The Arabs were unlettered, Mohammed (yimach shmo ve-zichro – may his name and memory be obliterated) himself was completely unlettered and illiterate, although he was quite cruel, cunning and ruthless.

The much vaunted Islamic renaissance was in fact a renaissance of the Persian (Zoroastrian) converts to Islam during the Persianized Abbasiad Caliphate. During the first four caliphs Abba Bakr, Umar, Uthmad and Ali (the last three who were murdered) and the Ummayad caliphate at Damascus, there was no such thing like the Islamic Renaissance, it was the Persian and Egyptian converts who had a pre-Islamic legacy of being civilized, which they carried forward after being converted to Islam.

In fact Islam tried to smother their pre-Islamic legacy of culture and civilization, and so it was only after the initial flush of Islamic savagery had passed over, that the newly converted people could after four to five generations again pick up the threads of a civilized life. The Islamic Renaissance happened not due to Islam, but in spite of Islam being around. The Islamic Renaissance was not a triumph of Islam, but a triumph of the human spirit over Islam.

After having subjugated Persia, the Arabs turned their full fury on the other adversary the Byzantine Christians. The Jihad against Byzantines went on for a much longer period. While Persia fell in seventeen years from 634 to 651, the jihad against Byzantium started in 635 but went up to 1453 when Constantinople fell to the Muslim Turks.

Although the Arab Muslims had attacked the Byzantines in 635 at Yarmuk, they could not immediately make forays deep into the Byzantine territory into Syria, Anatolia or Egypt. But with Persia subjugated, it was now the turn of the Byzantine Christians to shed their blood to resist the Islamic Jihad.

Select Bibliography

Samson Blinded: A Machiavellian Perspective on the Middle East Conflict, by Obadiah Shoher

Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the 7th to the 21st Centuries (Hardcover) by Paul Fregosi

The Sword of the Prophet: History, Theology, Impact on the World by Srdja Trifkovic

Islam Unveiled: Disturbing Questions About the World’s Fastest Growing Faith by Robert Spencer

Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam) by David Cook

Why I Am Not a Muslim by Ibn Warraq

Onward Muslim Soldiers by Robert Spencer

Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis by Bat Ye’Or

Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeor

What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text, and Commentary by Ibn Warraq

Islam and Terrorism: What the Quran Really Teaches About Christianity, Violence and the Goals of the Islamic Jihad by Mark A. Gabriel, Mark A. Gabriel

A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden

The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) by Robert Spencer

The Great Divide: The failure of Islam and the Triumph of the West by Marvin Olasky

The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims by Robert Spencer

Islam Unveiled: Disturbing Questions About the World’s Fastest Growing Faith by Robert Spencer, David Pryce-Jones

The Koran (Penguin Classics) by N. J. Dawood

Don’t Keep me Silent! One Woman’s Escape from the Chains of Islam by Mina Nevisa

Christianity And Islam: The Final Clash by Robert Livingston

Holiest Wars : Islamic Mahdis, Their Jihads, and Osama bin Laden by Timothy R. Furnish

The Last Trumpet: A Comparative Study in Christian-Islamic Eschatology by Samuel, Ph.D. Shahid

Unleashing the beast: How a fanatical islamic dictator will form a ten-nation coalition and terrorize the world for forty-two months by Perry Stone

Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) by David Cook

Islam and the Jews: The Unfinished Battle by Mark A., Ph.D. Gabriel

The Challenge of Islam to Christians by David Pawson

The Prophetic Fall of the Islamic Regime by Glenn Miller, Roger Loomis

Prophet of Doom : Islam’s Terrorist Dogma in Muhammad’s Own Words by Craig Winn

The False Prophet by Ellis H. Skolfield

The Approach of Armageddon: An Islamic Perspective by Muhammad Hisham Kabbani

The Cube and the Cathedral: Europe, America, and Politics Without God by George Weigel

Infiltration : How Muslim Spies and Subversives have Penetrated Washington by Paul Sperry

Unholy Alliance : Radical Islam and the American Left by David Horowitz

Unveiling Islam : An Insider’s Look at Muslim Life and Beliefs by Ergun Mehmet Caner

Perfect Soldiers : The Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It by Terry McDermott

Islam Revealed A Christian Arab’s View Of Islam by Anis Shorrosh

Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out by Ibn Warraq

The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam’s Holy Book by Ibn Warraq

The History of Jihad site is brought to you by a panel of contributors. This site is co-ordinated by Robin MacArthur with Mahomet Mostapha and Naim al Khoury, New Jersey.

 

Other contributors to this site include professors and members of the faculty from the Universities of Stanford and Michigan (Ann Arbor), Kansas State University, Ohio State University, and the London School of Economics. We strongly suggest that this site be recommended as additional reading for students of Islamic History.

We also invite students and professors of this subject to mirror this site on your University or private servers, link it up from your sites, to print it as a non-profit publication and refer it to students, journalists, cinematographers, military personnel, members of both houses of Congress, and Parliamentarians from your countries, members of the judiciary and most importantly to officers of the FBI, CIA, Scotland Yard, MI5, Mossad, FSB (Russian Secret Police) Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and to all other stakeholders in the subjects of the Islam and the Jihad.

http://www.historyofjihad.org/persia.html

I’ve known many Iranians-Persians and have without exception found them a very sophisticated and educated group of people. I’ve also known many Kurds who equate themselves to this day with the Sassanids.


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History of the Jihad against Byzantine Christians of Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey (634-1453)

December 6, 2013, 5:30 pm
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How the Jihad ravaged Christian Byzantium for 800 years, and how valiantly the Byzantine Christians held back the Arab and Turkish hordes, saving Europe from Islam

 

While the Zoroastrian Persians were defeated and were being subjugated, the Muslim hordes turned on their other neighbor the Christian Byzantines. The two armies met at the battlefield of Heiromyak.

Lessons from the Battle of Heiromyak (Al Yarmuk)

At the Battle of the Yarmuk (river), between the Muslim Arabs and the Byzantines, the Muslim Arabs were losing the battle in the initial stages. When the victory seemed certain for the Byzantines, the Muslims took recourse to subterfuge, when they realized that victory could not come to them through straight warfare, they used a contingent of women to attack the Byzantine troops who charged at the Byzantine army shrieking and hollering. This contingent was led by Hind Bint Utbah, the wife of Abu Sufyan, who was the chieftain of Mecca. Not used to facing ladies as an adversary, the Byzantines were at a loss to respond and the confused Byzantine generals ordered their troops not to molest the women and to withdraw.

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The Muslims have used subterfuge and ruthless cruelty to win wars against all adversaries. At the battle of Yarmuk (Heiromyak) when the warriors of the Holy Cross began prevailing over those of the Crescent, the Muslims resorted to subterfuge. One of the Arab-Muslim generals Khalid-ibn-Walid disguised himself as a woman in a hijab, embraced the Byzantine General Harbees and crushed his ribs, thus murdering him using deceit. With their General dead, the Byzantine army became leaderless, and the fortunes of the battle started going in favor of the Muslim Arabs. So much for allah giving the Muslims victory in war!

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When the Arab Muslims saw that this tactic using women as a deceptive front was working, they sent in the main contingent of Arab men dressed as women in hijabs (the black tent like gown worn by Muslim women) to charge at the Byzantines, and in the process one of the Arab generals Khalid-ibn-Walid disguised as a woman in a hijab, embraced the Byzantine General Harbees and crushed his ribs, thus killing him. With their general dead, the Byzantine army became leaderless, and the fortunes of the battle started going in favor of the Muslim Arabs. This is how the tricky and insidious Muslims won the battle of Yarmuk. Another example of Allah intervening to give the Muslims victory in war (sic)!

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The Byzantine Christian city of Caesarea had walls that were sixteen feet high with many turrets and had withstood the Arab Muslim siege of more than eight months, so the Muslims used this devious way to infiltrate the city and once inside they ruthlessly slaughtered its determined inhabitants to the last man, except for a few who managed to reach the port and board the ships and flee to safety. So much for allah giving them victory. This proves that Arab Muslims can stoop to any depth to gain a victory which they allege some allah helps them.

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With their guileful victory at Heiromyak, the Muslims wasted no time in fanning out in to the now defenseless Syria, and started storming one town after another making their way first to Jerusalem and then onwards to Bethlehem, Nazareth, Tiberias, Cana, Tyre, Sidon Damascus to the Byzantine mercantile capital in the Levant – the metropolis of Caesarea. In those days Caesarea was a strongly fortified by twins tier of walls with innumerable turrets. These had been built to stave of the repeated Persian (Sassanid) assaults that were launched at it. Because of the strong battlements, the Sassanids failed to take Caesarea, but that could not prevent the lustful eyes of the Muslims from falling on this prosperous city.

Lessons from the Battles of Caesarea, Babylon (a city in Byzantine Egypt), and Alexandria

 

When the Muslims reached Caesarea, they tried to take the city by storm, but were repulsed. They set down to a lengthy siege, but that too proved ineffective. Caesarea, which was then a bustling city of more than 300 busy streets. It was a port city and so the siege could not be complete on the sea facing side of the city, which continued to receive supplies and reinforcements from Constantinople. Here the Arab Muslims who had besieged the city had observed that some men furtively made their way from the city walls during some nights. The Muslims waylaid these men and to their delight they turned out to be Bedouins who although non-Muslims were of the same ethnic stock as the Muslim Arabs.

These Bedouins were in the employ of the Byzantines as sweepers at Caesarea. Now as captives in the hands of their Arab compatriots, they did not take long to crack and fall prey to the threats and bribes of their Arab compatriots. These sweepers decided to betray their Byzantine masters and showed the Arab Muslim besiegers the way to infiltrate into Caesarea through its sewers.

The Byzantine Christian city of Caesarea had walls that were sixteen feet high with many turrets and had withstood the Arab Muslim siege for more than eight months, so the Muslims used this devious way to infiltrate the city and once inside they ruthlessly slaughtered its determined inhabitants to the last man, except for a few who managed to reach the port and board the ships and flee to safety. So much for allah giving them victory. This proves that Arab Muslims can stoop to any depth to gain a victory which they allege some allah helps them.

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The Muslim hordes stormed the city of Caesarea, they not just slaughtered all soldiers on whom they could lay their hands, but decapitated all the males and to instill terror in the minds of the womenfolk, the Muslims tore open the abdomens of the Byzantine soldiers and ripped out their hearts, and other victuals and paraded them through the streets that had been a few days before being so brutalized – a panorama of wealth and prosperity.

This savagery so horrified the Byzantine Christians that it came to haunt Christendom for many centuries, and was ossified in to our memory that ultimately led to the Crusades to repay the Muslims in their own coin and to regain the Holy Land that was lost to the first and unprovoked Muslim aggression against Christendom in 637.

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And once the Muslim hordes stormed the city of Caesarea, they not just slaughtered all soldiers on whom they could lay their hands, but decapitated all the males and to instill terror in the minds of the womenfolk, the Muslims tore open the abdomens of the Byzantine soldiers and ripped out their hearts, and other victuals and paraded them through the streets that had been a few days before being so brutalized – a panorama of wealth and prosperity.

This savagery so horrified the Byzantine Christians that it came to haunt Christendom for many centuries, and was ossified in to our memory. When the Crusader counterattack rolled back the Muslim invaders from the eleventh century (1096- 1291 C.E.), the crusaders paid back the Muslims in their own coin and perhaps more so when they roasted the captured Muslims and devoured them whenever the crusader army ran short of food supplies.

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Horrendous cruelty and deceit is what got the Muslim their victories. To win against the Jihadis, one should never forget what the Jihadis have done, neither should one forgive them for what they have done as they will do precisely this even today in the 21st century, whenever they get an opportunity (as they did on 9/11, and 7/7).

Whether one is a statesman, or a private citizen, one needs to remember always while interacting with the Muslims (all of whom are Jihadis at heart, as their Quran asks them to be so), never open your mind to them, never discuss controversial issues with them, never enter into an argument with them and reveal what you have in mind. Nurse a grudge against them, get to know their minds, let them do the talking, you do the listening and gauge the kind of beasts they are. And above all let this recognition of the true nature and intentions of the Jihadis, build in ourselves an urge and will to destroy the Jihadis utterly and lead us to take preemptive military action to act on our deepest desires against the beastlike Muslims. It is either them or us – the choice is ours!

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Only with the crusades, did the pigeons of Muslim barbarity come home to roost, as they would once again when the Mongols sacked and slaughtered the entire city of Baghdad, and as it would once again as today’s war on terror reaches its predictable zenith when we will see the wholesale vaporization of the Muslim population across the Middle East and the Muslim world. A scenario too horrendous to contemplate today, but which will soon come to pass, within one generation as our final response, after the Jihadis launch their first (and hopefully their last) nuclear terror attack against us in the West.

Why and how Christian Byzantine survived for eight centuries, while Zoroastrian Persia fell to the Muslims in seventeen years

These initial Muslim attacks against Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, Tiberias, Cana, Tyre, Sidon Damascus and Caesarea were fierce and bloodied, but even they could not overwhelm Constantinople, although the city was besieged by the Muslims twice in the 7th century. But the empire held its own by locking the Muslims at the Cilician gates in South Eastern Turkey.

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The Arabs twice besieged Constantinople in 674 and 717, but the city was relived of the Arab Muslim siege by the skillful use of a new weapon called Greek Fire which the Byzantines used in both naval and land warfare. The Arabs lacked a navy and these two factors – their naval strength and the new weapon Greek Fire gave the Byzantines a series of victories over the infidel Saracens for the next four centuries from 640 till 1071.

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After their initial successful attacks in the 7th century against Bethlehem, Nazareth, Damascus up to the Byzantine mercantile capital in the Levant – the metropolis of Caesarea, the Muslim Arabs could advance no further on land against Byzantium as the Byzantines held off the Muslims at the Cilician gates in South Eastern Turkey. So the Muslims took the sea route using which they overwhelmed the island of Rhodes and demolished the colossus of Rhodes (the huge statue that the Greeks had erected there in ancient times. In doing this the Jihadis of the 7th century were laying down a precedent for their modern-day counterparts, the Taliban, who in a similar vandalizing frenzy destroyed the Bamiyan Buddhas).

The Muslim Arabs twice besieged Constantinople in 674 and 717, but the city was relived of the Arab siege by the skillful use of a new weapon called Greek Fire which the Byzantines used in both naval and land warfare. The Arabs lacked a strong navy and these two factors – their naval strength and the new weapon Greek Fire gave the Byzantines a series of victories over the infidel Saracens for the next four centuries from 640 till 1071.

Turks the new threat to Christendom

But after holding off the Muslim Arab hordes at the Cilician Gates for four hundred years, the Empire received an unexpected shock when the Seljuk Turks who were then recent converts to Islam, under their chieftain Alp Arslan thrust into Byzantine through its backdoor in Armenia when they defeated the Byzantines at the battle of Manzikert.

These newly converted Turkish Muslims could have overwhelmed Constantinople in 1071 itself, had it not been for the Crusaders who marched through Constantinople into the Middle East at the end of the eleventh century to temporarily roll back the Turkish threat and liberate the Holy Land from the Saracens (infidel Muslims). But the battle of Manzikert held a new fearsome reality. After four centuries of Muslim-Christian warfare, the Arabs had been stemmed, but in the Turks, Christendom faced a new existential threat. A threat that was to work its way through the next nine centuries from 1071 up to 1918 and bedevil Eastern Europe.

We shall treat the Crusades – the valiant counter-attack by the Christians of Europe against the Muslims in a separate chapter. Suffice it to note here that the Crusades that started in 1096 and went on till 1291, gave a last breath of life to the failing Byzantine Empire. Thus while the Zoroastrian Sassanian empire fell within a mere seventeen years from 634 to 651, the Christian Byzantine Empire that had been attacked at the same time, fought back for the next eight centuries till this last Christian Empire in Asia finally succumbed to the Muslims when the Uthman (Ottoman) Turks stormed its capital Constantinople in 1453.

Lessons from the two Arab Sieges of Constantinople (674-678 and 717-718 C.E.) 

After their initial victories at the Battle of the Yarmuk river, the Arabs diverted their focus on attacking Sassanid Persia for a brief period from 634 to 651. When the Arabs subjugated Persia

To circumvent this stalemate, the Arabs built a makeshift fleet and attacked Constantinople, the Byzantine capital from the sea and besieged it. The Arabs laid the first siege in 674. This siege lasted for four years till 678. But this siege was unsuccessful and the Arabs had to withdraw with many fatalities. They laid a second siege in 717 which lasted for one year till 718 but this time too they were unsuccessful.

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After the Arabs had failed to break the Cilician Gates, or to take Constantinople by storm, the baton of the Jihadi aggression passed to the Seljuk Turks, who steadily and successfully began to corrode at the north eastern fringes of the Byzantine Empire at Armenia. By the beginning of the 10th century the Seljuk Turks had begun harassing the Christian population of Armenia with their Ghazawat and Razzias (preparatory Muslim raids against non-Muslims to provoke a backlash leading to a pretext to a full-fledged Muslim invasion).

The tyranny of the Turks on the Armenians took many bloody turns in the next millennium, and whenever possible, the Turks indulged in the wholesale slaughter of the Armenian Christian male population while the womenfolk were made captives and marched off to be held as concubines in the Turkish seraglios and harems.

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During the second Muslim Arab siege of Constantinople, too the Arabs could not make any headway. And the Byzantines again defeated the besieging Arabs with the use of a superior weapon named Greek Fire. This was a highly combustible liquid that caused painful burning to those that it struck. This was comparable to modern-day napalm. The Byzantines used this weapon in large quantity on the besieging Arabs in both the sieges of 674-678 and 717-718. The Arabs tried hard to learn the secret of making of the Greek Fire, but they did not succeed and had to succumb in large numbers to this new weapon used skillfully by the Byzantines.

The effect of the Greek Fire can be gauged by the fact that out of the more than three hundred thousand Arabs who attacked Constantinople, only about twenty thousand returned. All the others had been consigned to hell by Greek Fire.

This is a lesson for the Americans today, who have superior fire power over the Jihadis. It is futile to engage the ferocious and madly motivated Jihadis in hand-to-hand combat. We need to wipe out the Jihadis in millions, using neutron and nuclear weapons. Only this can secure the civilized world a victory by decimating the beastly Jihadis, in the same way as the Byzantines decimated the attacking Arab Muslims in their thousands and saved not just Constantinople, but Europe itself from the first attack of Islam in the seventh and eight centuries.

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At the battle of Manzikert, the Muslim Seljuk Turks attacked the Byzantines at noon and then feigned a retreat by retreating to higher ground to catch the Byzantine army in the valley from where the Turkish Archers picked off the Byzantine troops at will. But the Byzantines kept up the attack, and by sunset the Battle was still undecided. Romanus, the Byzantine emperor, decided to retire to his camps, after the Turks sounded the bugle, heralding the end of the day’s hostilities, as was the Turkish custom to do so to announce the beginning and end of a day’s battle. But the Turks had decided on subterfuge to ensnare the Byzantines who trusted the age old Turkish custom. Once the Byzantine army began disengaging and withdrawing to its camp, the Turks attacked from the rear after an encircling cavalry advance. The Byzantine army was caught between two pincers of attack and by midnight, their fate was sealed with the capture of the Byzantine emperor Romanus by Alp Arslan the chieftain of the Seljuk Turks.

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The baton of Jihad passes to the Seljuk Turks

The Arab Jihad had earlier lost its steam when it met another serious defeat a thousand miles away at Poiters

in 732 at the hands of the Franks. Arab attacks on Europe ended by the middle of the eight century, when the internecine quarrels between different parts of the Caliphate broke out, some of which were along Shia-Sunni lines. The next impetus for the Jihad was in the eleventh century, when the baton of Jihad passed to the Seljuk Turks.

The misfortune of the victims of Islam, victimizing other non-Muslims after their conversion 

The Seljuk Turks who were following a religion based on nature worship, with Zoroastrian overtones, had been subjected to Islamization by the Islamized Persians between 651 and 751. The attacks on them were led by many Persian- Zoroastrian converts to Islam. The notable among these attackers was one who had assumed the name Abu Muslim. He was born to Zoroastrian parents, but had discarded his ancestral faith and embraced Islam. His conversion apparently was not whole-hearted and he nursed a desire for revenge against the Muslim occupiers of Persia.

He plotted his way to overthrow the Muslim rulers by pretending to embrace Islam, attacking the non-Muslim Turks and then when he had become powerful enough he plotted to overthrow the Abbasid Caliphate at Baghdad. He succeeded in his first objective of defeating the pagan Turks and converting them forcibly to Islam, but he was betrayed by his confidants and his hidden motives were found out by the Caliph, who tricked him into captivity and tortured him to death.

The point here is that the converted Zoroastrians, forced Islam on the pagan Turks, who in turn attacked Byzantine after embracing Islam. So the bloodied mentality of Islam kept on the aggressive march of Islam although its leaders changed from the Arabs, who originally had been converted by force, to the Zoroastrian Persians, to the pagan Turks.

The Battle of Manzikert between the Byzantines and the Seljuk Turks led to the Islamization of South Armenia and its incorporation into Turkey

These new converts to Islam, merged their natural tribal ferocity, with the fanaticism of Islam. This was a potent and fearsome combination. After the Arabs had failed to break the Cilician Gates, or to take Constantinople by storm, the baton of the Jihadi aggression passed to the Seljuk Turks, who steadily and successfully began to corrode at the north eastern fringes of the Byzantine Empire in Armenia.

The Seljuk Turks began harassing the Christian population of Armenia. The tyranny of the Turks on the Armenians took many bloody turns in the next millennium, and whenever possible, the Turks indulged in the wholesale slaughter of the Armenian Christian male population while the womenfolk were made captives and marched off to be held as concubines in the Turkish seraglios and harems.

This area of the Caucasus (or Kavkaz) has been the frontier of a clash of civilizations since those days till today. Beslan in Russian Ossetia where the school kids were massacred is not far from Manzikert, which was the first major site of the Muslim-Christian clash in 1071.

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After their victory at Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks faced no more resistance from the Byzantines to infiltration into the hitherto Christian Anatolia, and in a few decades they could wrest control of Anatolia from the Byzantines, and approach Constantinople from the Asian side of the Bosporus. They were now also in charge of the routes of the Christian pilgrims through Anatolia to the Holy Land whose pilgrimages they began harassing. As this harassment increased the stories of their depredations began reaching European courts along with the continuous pleas of the Byzantine emperors which became more shrill after Manzikert for succor from Western Europe to battle the Muslim infidels, the seeds for a re-conquest of the Holy Land and the relief of the beleaguered Byzantine empire were sown. The Crusades that began in 1096 (and continued till 1291) were indirectly a fallout of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.

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At the battle of Manzikert, the Byzantine emperor who presided over the fortunes (rather misfortunes) of the Empire was Romanus IV Diogenes. He ascended the throne in 1068. As usual, there were many power cliques at the Byzantine court. This was accentuated by the fact that over the four hundred years from 640 to 1068, the Byzantines had reinforced their army by inducting mercenaries from the Franks, the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Bulgars, Avars and other Christianized tribal communities in addition to the Greeks and Latins who were always a strong lobby at Constantinople.

These mercenaries served to stave off Arab attacks, but in times of relative peace they also acted as powerful lobbies in the internal politics of Byzantine. To counter balance them, some Byzantine emperors had included contingents from the Seljuk Turks, (who had then recently embraced Islam) to serve as auxiliaries to the Byzantine army. This decision was to prove disastrous at Manzikert.

The betrayal of the Turkish contingents led to the defeat at Manzikert

Romulus split his army into two parts to catch the Seljuks in a pincer move. He led one pincer and the other was led by Joseph Tarchaniotes who was a person of Turkish extraction, and had secretly converted to Islam, the faith embraced by most of his people – the Seljuk Turks. Tarchaniotes commanded the largest contingent of mercenaries, the Turkish Cumans.

While Romanus proceed to subdue one border town after another, that had been occupied by the Seljuk Turks, culminating with the fortress of Manzikert. The Seljuk Turkish chieftain Alp Arslan camped near Manzikert. Romanus awaited his Turkish General to arrive from behind the Turkish camp to overwhelm Alp Arslan. But the traitor Turkish general of the Byzantine army Joseph Tarchaniotes secretly opened parleys with the enemy and defected to the Turkish adversary along with his contingent, and stabbed Romanus in the back.

The battle of Manzikert saw the history of defection of a Muslim contingent and had once again proved that a Muslim soldier can never be loyal to a non-Muslim commander. Something which we Americans and other Westerners should learn from.

The battle of Manzikert saw a repeat of the history of defection of a Muslim contingent, an act that was seen at the Battle of Qadissiyah between the Sassanids and the Arab Muslims, this had once again proved that a Muslim soldier can never be loyal to a non-Muslim commander. Thus the history of defection of a Muslim contingent that was seen at the Battle of Qadissiyah between the Sassanids and the Arab Muslims had once again proved that a Muslim soldier can never be loyal to a non-Muslim master.

We hope that our generals at the Pantagon are reading this when they keep Muslim troops in as Marines and Muslim Clerics (like that traitor James Yee) to fulfill the spiritual (sic) needs of the treasonable Muslim marines. Many such clerics and the marines have betrayed Americans when on duty at Guantanamo and in Kuwait. It is not too late for us to learn and relieve our fighting forces of these treasonable Muslim marines.

__________________________________

 

After innumerable sacrifices, the Crusades rolled back the Muslim aggressors back to its pre-Muslim limit and liberated occupied Antioch, Damascus, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth. Which technically passed again into the hands of the Byzantines (although they had little more than formal suzerainty over these areas which were under the tumultuous rule of the truculent Crusaders). But unfortunately, the tide of the Crusades began to be rolled back in 1184 by Saleh-ud-din (Saladin the Accursed) who was an ally of the Turks. But the Crusaders clung on to the coastal towns till 1291, till the Turks under a new Turkish dynasty named Uthman (or Ottoman) gradually pushed their frontiers back to the walls of Constantinople by the middle of the 14th century.

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In spite of this defection by an important general of his army to the enemy camp, Romanus continued to march to battle against heavy odds and joined battle at the fortress of Manzikert. Turkish double-cross leads to defeat at the battle of Manzikert

At the battle of Manzikert, the Muslim Seljuk Turks attacked the Byzantines at noon and then feigned a retreat and withdrew to higher ground to catch the Byzantine army in the valley by surprise. From higher ground the Turkish Archers picked off the Byzantine troops at will. But the Byzantines kept up the attack, and by sunset the Battle was still undecided. But when this ruse failed, the Turks tried another one.

The Turks had an ancient custom of sounding a bugle, heralding the beginning and end of a day’s hostilities. After the bugle was sounded, there was to be no fighting. On that day too at sunset, the Turks sounded the bugle and the Byzantine presumed that the Turks would cease battle as they in fact did. In response, Romanus decided to retire his army to his camps, after the Turks stopped hostilities and began withdrawing.

But the Turks had decided on subterfuge to ensnare the Byzantines who trusted the age old Turkish custom. Once the Byzantine army began disengaging and withdrawing to its camp, the Turks did a surreptitious encircling cavalry advance and attacked the astonished Byzantines from the rear. The Byzantine army was caught between two attacks and my midnight, their fate was sealed with the capture of their emperor Romanus by the Turkish chieftain Alp Arslan.

After the deception on the battlefield, Turks indulged in deception in diplomacy too

 

Having the Byzantine emperor himself as a captive, the Turkish chieftain treated him decorously and entertained him as a royal guest. With this deception, Alp Arslan promised to set Romanus free for only a withdrawal by the Byzanines to the pre-war lines. Arslan did not even ask for the surrender of the Fortress of Manzikert. With the surprisingly lax terms, Romanus was lulled into a false sense of security from his friendly captor.

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The Seljuk Turks were now in charge of the routes of the Christian pilgrims through Anatolia to the Holy Land whom the Turks began to harass. As this harassment increased the stories of their depredations began reaching European courts along with the pleas of the Byzantine emperors which became more shrill after Manzikert for succor from Western Europe to battle the Muslim infidels. Thus the seeds for a re-conquest of the Holy Land and the relief of the beleaguered Byzantine empire were sown. The Crusades that began in 1096 (and continued till 1291) were indirectly a fallout of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.

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The terms of the treaty which the Turks imposed on the Byzantines included that Romanus order the Byzantine army to withdraw from the whole of Anatolia up to Constantinople, in return for a promise from Alp Arslan that the Seljuk Turks would not harass the Christian population in Armenia who were under Byzantine rule.

For Romanus who was then a captive, there was no option but to accept these terms, as a condition to regain his freedom. Romanus also needed his forces to tackle the internal rivalries at Constantinople while feeling assured that Alp Arslan would not pose a threat to his eastern frontier.

This treaty sealed the fate of the Byzantine presence in Anatolia, which was till then a part of Southern Armenia but henceforth was to become the domain of the Turks to be known as Turkestan (land of the Turks) or Turkey. The Seljuk Turks faced no more resistance to infiltration into the hitherto Christian Anatolia, and in a few decades they could wrest control of Anatolia from the Byzantines, and approach the Constantinople from the Asian side of the Bosporus.

The Crusades were a belated Christian response to Muslim aggression that began in 634 with the battled of Yarmuk

 

The Seljuk Turks were now in charge of the routes of the Christian pilgrims through Anatolia to the Holy Land. As this harassment increased the stories of their depredations began reaching European courts along with the pleas of the Byzantine emperors which became more shrill after Manzikert for succor from Western Europe to battle the Muslim infidels. The seeds for a re-conquest of the Holy Land and the relief of the beleaguered Byzantine empire were sown. The Crusades that began in 1096 (and continued till 1291) were indirectly a fallout of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.

Lessons from the battle of Manzikert and the fall of Constantinople (1453) 

After innumerable sacrifices, the Crusades rolled back the Muslim frontier back to its pre-Muslim limit with the liberation of Antioch, Damascus, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth from four centuries of Muslim occupation (640 to 1097). Technically the liberated areas passed again into the hands of the Byzantines (although they had little more than formal suzerainty over these areas which were under the tumultuous rule of the truculent Crusaders). The tide of the Crusades began to be rolled back in 1184 by Saleh-ud-din (Saladin the Accursed) who was a Muslim commander allied to the Turks. But the Crusaders clung on to the coastal towns till 1291, till the Turks under a new Turkish dynasty named Uthman (Ottoman) gradually pushed their frontiers back to the walls of Constantinople by the middle of the 14th century.

The final chapter of the Muslim attack on the Byzantine started with the third Muslim siege of Constantinople (which was the first of its two Turkish sieges, the earlier two being those by Arabs in 674 and 717). This first Turkish siege of Constantinople which began in 1350 was repulsed by the besieged but still spirited Byzantines, but the Turks tried again in 1453, when they finally overwhelmed the city by storm and brought about an end to the Byzantine empire.

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The final chapter of the Muslim attack on Christendom started with the third Muslim siege of Constantinople (which was the first of its two Turkish sieges, the earlier two being those by Arabs in 674 and 717). This first Turkish siege of Constantinople which began in 1350 was repulsed by the besieged but still spirited Byzantines, but the Turks tried again in 1453, when they finally overwhelmed the city by storm and brought about an end to the Byzantine empire.

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The point is that from their first attacks on Byzantium in 634 at Yarmuk, the Muslims relentlessly attacked the Byzantine empire for a period of eight hundred years. The Muslims faced many defeats at the hands of the Byzantines in this long period. But they never gave up, they kept attacking till, they finally captured the capital city Constantinople in 1453 and the Byzantine power was no more. This has an important lesson for us Americans today. The Muslims never ever give up, till they are done in for. If we want victory and to secure our way of life, we Americans need to keep attacking the Muslims till the Muslims all cease to exist, if not they will keep attacking the USA. There are no soft options in this death struggle with Islam.

Can the modernization of Muslims make them into liberal citizens of a civilized society?

Many malevolent communist wolves disguised in their sheep’s clothing who pose as liberals, keep parroting that it is the modernization of Muslims that will make them into liberal citizens of a civilized society(sic)! They advocate providing more funds to the Madrassah (the schools where Islam is taught to young Muslims), so that the Madrassash could buy computers, and other electronic gadgets to expose Muslims to modern technology. Seems fair on the face of it. But this leaves the basic grounding in hate (of the non-Muslims) that Muslim children are bombarded with in the madrassahs.

With the brainwashing they receive through the murderous mentality that the Quran inculcates in Muslims, the addition of modern technology can only transform these hate-driven, revenge seeking kids into more dangerous enemies. They would assemble more deadly bombs, use cellular technology to trigger the bomb blasts, or hack in to the web-compliant systems of sensitive defense installations and worse still assemble a dirty bomb or even a proper nuclear devise.

Educating the Muslims, while keeping their murderous Muslim mentality intact is like giving nuclear claws to a man-eater tiger

Technology increases their capacity to destroy while keeping intact the violent and cruel tendencies built to an instinctive level by the Quran that is thrust on Muslim kids five times a day during ibadat/salat (Muslim congregational prayer) in the Mosques and Madrassahs. With access to technology, they become more effective as Jihadis and can commit mass-murder of non-Muslims using advanced WMD technology instead of using sword-play to behead non-Muslims individually. So educating the Muslims, while keeping their murderous Muslim mentality intact is like giving nuclear claws to a man-eater tiger. A.Q.Khan of Pakistan is a classic case of a nuclear powered man-eater tiger. We have to decide if we want more such nuclear man-eaters so that we can easily end up as the dinner for these man-eaters!

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The point is that from their first attacks on Byzantium in 634 at Yarmuk, the Muslims relentlessly attacked the Byzantine empire for a period of eight hundred years. The Muslims faced many defeats at the hands of the Byzantines in this long period. But they never gave up, they kept attacking till, they finally captured the capital city Constantinople in 1453 and Byzantine power was no more. This has an important lesson for us Americans today. The Muslims never ever give up, till they are done in for. So we Americans need to keep attacking the Muslims till the Muslims all cease to exist or give up Islam, if not, they will keep attacking the USA. There are no soft options in this death struggle with Islam.

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This much should be enough for us to realize that providing better technology to Muslims, while keeping the murderous mentality of Islam intact is like educating a cannibal with the use of guns. After we do this, the cannibal will be able to hunt us down far more easily and efficiently. He can now use guns (read electronics, nuclear technology) instead of using his clubs spears or swords to do his ghastly acts. So the point is rather than providing more resources and technology to the madrassahs, or to supply Iran with the technology to build a nuclear plant to generate electricity(sic) we need to change the mentality of the cannibal.(read Muslims). And to do this we need to wield the stick (pre-emptive strikes), and not the carrot (appeasement), so that the ass (read Muslims) can be driven away from the path of murder and destruction and be brought to the path of sanity and peace or be made to rest in peace so that the rest of us can pursue peaceful lives.

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* For those uninitiated, PBUH expands to Perpetual Battle Upon Hagarism (Islam) – founded by the mass-murderer and pedophile pretender prophet Mohammed-ibn-Abdallah (Yimach Shmo – May his name and memory be obliterated).

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Select Bibliography The Mummy, Funeral Rites & Customs in Ancient Egypt, by Ernest A. Wallis Budge, reprint of 1893 edition by Senate Studio Editions 1995

The Twilight of Ancient Egypt, First Millennium B.C.E., by Karol Mysliwiec, translated by David Lorton, Cornell University Press 2000

Egypt in The Age of Cleopatra, by Michel Chauveau, translated by David Lorton, Cornell University Press, 2000

Women in Ancient Egypt, by Gay Robins, Harvard University Press, 1996

Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Source Book by Jane Rowlandson, Cambridge University Press, 1998

The Chronicle of John Coptic Bishop of Nikiu (circa 690 A.D.), translated by Robert Henry Charles, reprint from 1916 edition, APA-Philo Press Amsterdam, Holland

The Vanished Library, A Wonder of The Ancient World, by Luciano Canfora, University of California Press

The Story of The Church of Egypt, Volumes I and II, by Edith L. Butcher, reprint of 1897 edition by AMS Press Inc, New York, N.Y 1975

Coptic Egypt, by Murad Kamil, Le Scribe Egyptien, 1968

 

Traditional Egyptian Christianity, A History of the Coptic Church, by Theodore. Hall Patrick, Fisher Park Press, 1999

 

Muslim Extremism in Egypt, The Prophet and the Pharaoh, by Gilles Kepel, University of California Press 1993

 

Ancient Egyptian Culture, published by Chartwell Books, Edison, N.J. 1998.

 

Samson Blinded: A Machiavellian Perspective on the Middle East Conflict, by Obadiah Shoher

 

Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the 7th to the 21st Centuries (Hardcover) by Paul Fregosi

 

The Sword of the Prophet: History, Theology, Impact on the World by Srdja Trifkovic

 

Islam Unveiled: Disturbing Questions About the World’s Fastest Growing Faith by Robert Spencer

Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam) by David Cook

Why I Am Not a Muslim by Ibn Warraq

Onward Muslim Soldiers by Robert Spencer

Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis by Bat Ye’Or

Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeor

What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text, and Commentary by Ibn Warraq

Islam and Terrorism: What the Quran Really Teaches About Christianity, Violence and the Goals of the Islamic Jihad by Mark A. Gabriel, Mark A. Gabriel

A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden

The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) by Robert Spencer

The Great Divide: The failure of Islam and the Triumph of the West by Marvin Olasky

The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims by Robert Spencer

Islam Unveiled: Disturbing Questions About the World’s Fastest Growing Faith by Robert Spencer, David Pryce-Jones

The Koran (Penguin Classics) by N. J. Dawood

Don’t Keep me Silent! One Woman’s Escape from the Chains of Islam by Mina Nevisa

Christianity And Islam: The Final Clash by Robert Livingston

Holiest Wars : Islamic Mahdis, Their Jihads, and Osama bin Laden by Timothy R. Furnish

The Last Trumpet: A Comparative Study in Christian-Islamic Eschatology by Samuel, Ph.D. Shahid

Unleashing the beast: How a fanatical islamic dictator will form a ten-nation coalition and terrorize the world for forty-two months by Perry Stone

Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) by David Cook

Islam and the Jews: The Unfinished Battle by Mark A., Ph.D. Gabriel

The Challenge of Islam to Christians by David Pawson

The Prophetic Fall of the Islamic Regime by Glenn Miller, Roger Loomis

Prophet of Doom : Islam’s Terrorist Dogma in Muhammad’s Own Words by Craig Winn

The False Prophet by Ellis H. Skolfield

The Approach of Armageddon: An Islamic Perspective by Muhammad Hisham Kabbani

The Cube and the Cathedral: Europe, America, and Politics Without God by George Weigel

Infiltration : How Muslim Spies and Subversives have Penetrated Washington by Paul Sperry

Unholy Alliance : Radical Islam and the American Left by David Horowitz

Unveiling Islam : An Insider’s Look at Muslim Life and Beliefs by Ergun Mehmet Caner

Perfect Soldiers : The Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It by Terry McDermott

Islam Revealed A Christian Arab’s View Of Islam by Anis Shorrosh

Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out by Ibn Warraq

The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam’s Holy Book by Ibn Warraq

The History of Jihad site is brought to you by a panel of contributors. This site is co-ordinated by Robin MacArthur with Mahomet Mostapha and Naim al Khoury, New Jersey.

 

Other contributors to this site include professors and members of the faculty from the Universities of Stanford and Michigan (Ann Arbor), Kansas State University, Ohio State University, and the London School of Economics. We strongly suggest that this site be recommended as additional reading for students of Islamic History.

We also invite students and professors of this subject to mirror this site on your University or private servers, link it up from your sites, to print it as a non-profit publication and refer it to students, journalists, cinematographers, military personnel, members of both houses of Congress, and Parliamentarians from your countries, members of the judiciary and most importantly to officers of the FBI, CIA, Scotland Yard, MI5, Mossad, FSB (Russian Secret Police) Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and to all other stakeholders in the subjects of the Islam and the Jihad.

http://www.historyofjihad.org/byzantine.html

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UK ‘Muslim Patrol’ members jailed for harassment

December 6, 2013, 7:20 pm
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LONDON     (AP) — Three members of a self-styled “Muslim Patrol” in London who threatened strangers for holding hands, drinking alcohol and other behavior they deemed “un-Islamic” have been sentenced to jail.

Nineteen-year-old Jordan Horner, 26-year-old Ricardo McFarlane and a third man who can’t be named for legal reasons pleaded guilty to a variety of charges, including actual bodily harm and affray.

They were sentenced Friday at London’s Central Criminal Court to jail terms of between 24 weeks and 17 months.

London’s Chief Crown Prosecutor, Baljit Ubhey, said the trio “aggressively intimidated a couple who were holding hands in the street, a group of friends who were drinking alcohol, and a girl whom they deemed to be dressed provocatively.”

He said the trio’s “bullying behavior” would not be tolerated in London.

AP Source

Hundreds of women have been arrested [in Iran] for “bad hijab”

Tehran teenager Tofiq
“I want the whole world to know that they oppress us and all we can do is put up with it”
Tofiq, 15

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6596933.stm


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English Translation Of The Egyptian Constitution 2013: Long Live Egypt

December 6, 2013, 7:50 pm
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Posted on December 6, 2013 by

The Arab Republic Of Egypt Constitution year 2013 Egypt is moving towards real Democracy 300x224 English Translation Of The Egyptian Constitution 2013: Long Live Egypt

Long Live Egypt

If the United States of America and their Allies are still playing this COUP broken record of theirs and they claim that this great constitution is a Military Coup one, then please know that we are fond and proud of our coup and we are going to vote with: YES to it.

Just for the record, USA and their allies didn’t care for Egyptian Human rights when Muslim Brotherhood issued their 48 hours Middle Dark Ages 2012 Constitution and got done with it at 3:00 o’clock in the morning! USA and their allies were actually rewarding Muslim Brotherhood for killing us and dragging us to the dark ages.

Shame on USA and their Allies! Shame on Foreign News Agencies who don’t publish anything about Egypt but lies and fake news!

Egyptians will never forget US support and finance to the International Muslim Terrorist Brotherhood Organization! Egyptians never forget their enemies, the Assassins of our Children. Egyptians had enough of US insolence and barefaced double standards dirty policy in our region. Enough is enough!

I spent great efforts and time in translating these 247 articles constitution not for anything but for one purpose, to tell the whole world that whether they accept our revolution or not, accept this constitution or not, Egypt is going on the right path for real democracy and not to a Muslim Brotherhood Fascist Era. Nothing will stop Egyptians from achieving the fruitful results of the 30th of June 2013 revolution.

My comment to this constitution in one sentence: This constitution is giving full authorities to the Egyptian People. In other words: This constitution in all its articles is confirming that the Egyptian People are the only source of all the authorities. Which part you don’t understand?!

I also translated the articles of the constitution to tell International News Media and their lazy inaccurate liars reporters in Egypt, to stop lying and publish the truth just for one time in your carriers. Stop faking news about Egypt, stop smearing the reputation of Egypt and our Military. Just tell the truth and respect the press ethics, whatever this means to you!

USA do your utmost, you and your allies in stopping Millions of Egyptians will and free choices for social Justice, reforms, decent living, development,  stability and peace. Egypt is a 7000 years old great civilization, Egypt fought more than 42 Foreign Occupation countries and Egypt’s Land was always the grave of  invaders, and Egypt fought terrorism and still is fighting terrorism and Egypt is protected by God, by 87 million Egyptian and by our great Military and we are victorious.

N.B.: This is an unofficial translation. There are some translated articles of the constitution that were so difficult for me to translate  from Arabic to English but literally, in order to keep the content and meaning of the legal terms that have been issued accordingly. But I did my best in this regard so the meaning is clear and understandable as I really hope. The total votes of the committee are 50 votes. Under each article, the voting percentage of approval, abstention and objection. In case there is any misunderstanding in reading this English Translation for any of the constitution articles, please consider it as incorrect translation from my part and I personally is responsible for it, and only to consider the constitution draft issued in Arabic language in case I have put any incorrect translation that changes the original meaning. Link of the original final draft issued in Arabic is provided at the bottom of this page.

Long Live Egypt: God, Motherland, Military, People.

This translation is dedicated to all our victims and martyrs, whether civilians, military or police individuals who paid from their blood and souls, so we the Egyptian People live this moment and start moving forward to build our country, despite all conspiracies and challenges. To all mothers, children, widows and wives, to all Moderate Muslims and Christians who lost their beloved and their churches got burned during and after the Muslim Brotherhood Terrorists Era. May your souls rest in peace, we will never rest till justice takes place against Brotherhood assassins and their allies and Militias.

To the great Egyptian Military, to the Police forces, to the Intelligence, to the National Security, to everyone and anyone in Egypt and outside Egypt, to all the Arab and Gulf Countries who supported our 30/6 Revolution’s will, to the Minister of Defense General Abd Elfatah Elsisi: Thank you. If it wasn’t for you and your courage and Military Honor and Principles, we would have been by now victims of genocide committed by Brotherhood terrorists, and the world was going to watch us getting killed just like they react to Iraq, Libya and Syria…

Long live Egypt, the grave of Invaders

Part One The State

Article (1): Arab Republic of Egypt is a sovereign state, united and indivisible, a democratic republic, based on citizenship and the rule of law. Egyptian people is part of the Arab nation and work on integration and unity, and Egypt is part of the Islamic world , belong to the African continent, and is proud of its spillover Asia, and contribute to the building of human civilization.

Voters: 47 consensus (agreement of all voters)

Article (2): Islam is the state religion, and Arabic is its official language, and the principles of Islamic Sharia are the main source of legislation.

Voters: 47 approval  – No: 2

Article (3): The principles of the laws of the Egyptian Christians and Jews’s legislation are the main source of legislation governing their personal status and their religious affairs, and the choice of  their spiritual leaders.

Voters: 47 –  No: 4 –  abstentions: 1

Article (4): The sovereignty of the people alone  to practice and to protect, People are the source of authority, and safeguard its national unity, which is based on the principles of equality, justice and equal opportunities for all citizens, in the manner prescribed in the Constitution.

Voters: 47 consensus (agreement of all voters)

Article (5): The political system based on political and partisan pluralism, and the peaceful transfer of power, separation of powers and the balance between them, and the inherent responsibility with the authority, and respect for human rights and freedoms in the manner prescribed in the Constitution.

Voters: 48 consensus

Article (6): Citizenship’s right for those who are born to an Egyptian father or an Egyptian mother, and their rights of legal recognition and grant them official papers proving their personal data, a right guaranteed and organized by the law. The law defines the conditions for acquiring citizenship.

Voters: 46 Approval –   NO: 2  – abstentions: 2

Part Two basic components of society – Chapter I Social Determinants

Article (7): Al-Azhar is Islamic scientific independent institution, exclusively specializing to carry on all his affairs, which is the main reference in religious sciences and Islamic Affairs, and is in charge of advocacy and dissemination of the religion science and the Arabic language in Egypt and the world . The State is committed to provide sufficient funds to achieve its objectives. Sheikh of Al-Azhar is independent and non-insulated, and the law regulates his nomination among the members of the senior scientists.

Voters: 48  – Approval  38 –  objected:  5  – abstentions: 5

Article (8): The Society is based on Social Solidarity. The State is committed to achieve social justice and the provision of social solidarity, so as to ensure a decent life for all citizens, as regulated by law.

Voters: 48 (consensus)

Article (9): The State is committed to achieve equal opportunities for all citizens, without discrimination.

Voters: 46 ( Consensus)

Article (10): family is the basis of society, founded on religion, morality and patriotism, and the state is keen on the cohesion and stability and the consolidation of its values.

Voters: 47  -    NO: 1 – abstention: 2

Article (11): The State ensures the achievement of equality between women and men in all civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. The State to take measures to ensure the representation of women are adequately represented in parliaments as prescribed by law, and to ensure women’s right to hold public office and functions of senior management in the country and recruitment in agencies and judicial institutions, without discrimination against them. The State is committed to the protection of women against all forms of violence, and to ensure the empowerment of women to reconcile family duties and work requirements. The State also committed to provide care and protection of motherhood, childhood and women-headed households and the elderly and women most in need.

Voters: 48  -  NO: 6  – abstentions: 3

Article (12): Work is a right, duty, honor and guaranteed by the state. Shall not be bound by any citizen to be forced to work, but under the law, and the performance of a public service for a specified period, and for a certain period, and without prejudice to the fundamental rights of taxpayers to work.

Voters: 47 Approval – abstentions: 1

Article (13): The state is committed to maintain workers/labors rights, the State to work  to build a working balanced relationship between the two sides of the production process, and to ensure ways of collective bargaining, and works to protect workers from the business risks and the availability of security conditions and occupational safety and health, and prohibits the dismissal arbitrary, all as regulated by law.

Voters: 47 Approval – abstentions: 1

Article (14): Public Jobs are citizens right based on efficiency, and without bias or mediation, and is assigned to those in charge for the service of the people and the state guarantees their rights and protect them, and they perform their duties in the care of the people’s interests, and may not be dismissed without disciplinary way, except in cases specified by the law.

Voters: 47 Approval –  abstentions: 1

Article (15): Peaceful strike’s right is regulated by the law.

Voters: 47 (consensus)

Article (16): The state is committed to honor the martyrs of the nation, and care for the Victims of the Revolution, and the veterans and the injured, and the families of war missing persons War, and invalids of security operations, and their spouses and children and their parents, and the State work to provide employment opportunities for them, as regulated by law. The State encourages the contribution of civil society organizations in achieving these goals.

Voters: 48 Approval –  abstentions: 1

Article (17 ): The State ensures the provision of social insurance. Every citizen has no system of social insurance, has the right to social security including guarantees him/her a decent life if  they are not able to support themselves and their families, and in cases of incapacity for work, old age and unemployment. The state operates to provide suitable pension for small farmers and agricultural workers, fishermen, and regular employment according to the law. The funds of insurances and pensions are particular funds and enjoy all aspects and forms of protection accorded to public funds, and its returns are a right to their beneficiaries, and are invested in a safe investment, and is operated by an independent institution and according to the law. The State insures insurance funds and pensions.

Voters: 47 (consensus)

Article (18): Every citizen has the right to health in the integrated health care according to the quality standards, and the state ensures to maintain the facilities of public health services which provide services to the people, and support and work on increasing its efficiency and the geographical distribution based on equality. The state is committed to allocate a proportion of government spending for the health of not less than 3% of the Gross National Product, and to rise it gradually until it is consistent with global averages.

The State is committed to the establishment of universal health insurance system for all Egyptians covering all diseases, and the law regulates the contribution of citizens in contributions or exempt them according to the rates of their incomes. The Criminalisation of refrain from providing various forms of treatment for each person in cases of emergency or danger to life. The State is committed to improve the conditions of doctors and nursing staff and workers in the health sector. The subject of all health facilities, products and materials, and means of propaganda health-related are under the State control and the state encourages the participation of both private and public health care services in accordance with law.

Voters: 48 (consensus)

Article (19): Education is a right for every citizen, aimed at building the Egyptian character, and maintaining national identity, and rooting the scientific method of thinking, and the development of talent and encourage innovation, and inculcate the values ​​of civilization and spiritual, and the establishment of the concepts of citizenship, tolerance and non-discrimination, and the State is obliged to take into account the objectives in education curricula, methods, and supplied according to international quality standards. Education is compulsory until the end of high school or what equivalent, and the State guarantees free of charge various stages in the State educational institutions according to the law.

The state is committed to allocate a proportion of government spending for education of not less than 4% of the Gross National Product, and rising it gradually until it consistent with global averages. The State oversees Education to ensure that all schools and public institutes and private educational are committed to the State Educational policies.

Voters: 48 Approval: –  NO: 1

Article (20): The state is committed to promote the development of technical education and technical vocational training and development, and the expansion of all its types according to the international quality standards, and commensurate with the needs of the labor market.

Voters: 48 approval –  NO: 1

Article (21): The State guarantees the independence of universities and scientific and linguistic academies, and the provision of university education according to international quality standards. The state works on the development of university education and to ensure free of charge at the State’s universities and institutes according to the law. The state is committed to allocate a proportion of government spending for university education not less than 2% of the Gross National Product and increase it gradually until it consistent with global averages.

The State endeavors to encourage the establishment of private universities, which are not-for-profit, and the state is committed to ensure the quality of education in private universities and its commitment to international quality standards, and the preparation of cadres of faculty members and researchers , and the allocation of sufficient percentage of revenues for the development of the educational process and research.

Voters: 48 Approval: –  abstentions: 1

Article (22): Teachers, faculty members and their collaborators are the basic foundation of education, the State guarantees the development of scientific competency, and professional skills, and take care of their physical and moral, so as to ensure the quality of education and the achievement of its objectives.

Voters: 48 (consensus)

Article (23): The State guarantees the freedom of scientific research and encourage its institutions, as a means to achieve national sovereignty, and building a knowledge economy, sponsored researchers, inventors, and allocate a percentage of government spending not less than 1 % of Gross National product and rising it gradually until it consistent with global averages.The State guarantees ways to contribute effectively for both private and public sectors and the contribution of Egyptians abroad in the renaissance of scientific research.

Voters: 48 (consensus)

Article (24): Arabic language, religion and national history in all its stages are basic materials in the Pre-University public and private education. Universities operate on the teaching of human rights, values ​​and professional Scientific ethics  disciplines.

Voters: 48 consensus

Article (25): The State is committed to the development of a comprehensive plan to eradicate alphabetic and numeric illiteracy between citizens of all ages, the state is committed to develop implemented mechanisms with the participation of civil society institutions, according to the plan specified time.

Voters: 48 consensus

Article (26): Create a civil ranking is prohibited.

Voters: 46 Approval –  NO:  – 1 abstention -

Chapter II economic fundamentals

Article (27): The aim of the economic system is to achieve prosperity in the country through sustainable development and social justice  in order to ensure a higher rate of real growth of the national economy, and raise the standard of living, increase employment and reduce unemployment, and poverty eradication.

The state is committed to the economic system standards of transparency and corporate governance, and support axes competition and encourage investment, and balanced geographical, sectoral and environmental growth, and prevent monopolistic practices, and taking into account the balance of financial, trade and tax system fairness, and control of market mechanisms, and to ensure that the different types of ownership, and the balance between the interests of different parties, in order to preserve the rights of workers and protects the consumer.

The economic system is socially committed to ensure equal opportunities and equitable distribution of the benefits of development and reduce disparities between incomes and a commitment to a minimum wage and pensions guarantee a decent life, and a maximum in the organs of the State for each of the working wage, according to the law.

It has been voted on this article twice, the first voting result with the approval of the consensus 48 members. The second voting result 47  approved votes, and 1 abstention.

(Article 28): Productive economic activities and services and information are fundamental constituents of the national economy, and the State is obliged to protect and increase their competitiveness, and provides attractive climate for investment, and works  to increase production, promotes export, and organizes import. The state pays a special attention over medium, small and micro enterprises in all fields, and works to organize the informal sector and rehabilitation.

Voters: 48 consensus

Article (29): Agriculture is fundamental to the national economy. The State is committed to the protection and the increase of farmland and the criminalisation of lands assault, the state is also committed to the development of the countryside. Raise the living standards of its population and protect them from environmental hazards, and works on the development of agricultural and livestock production, and encourage the industries based on them.

The state is committed to provide agricultural supplies and livestock production, and the purchase of agricultural crops basic at a reasonable price to achieve a profit margin for the farmer, and in agreement with the unions and agricultural associations, also the state is committed to allocate a proportion of reclaimed land to small farmers and young graduates, and the protection of the farmer and agricultural worker from exploitation, all as regulated by the law.

Voters: 48 Approval –   refused: 1 – abstention: 1

Article (30): The state is committed to protect fisheries and to protect and support the fishermen, and enable them to conduct their business without harming ecosystems, so as regulated by the law.

Voters: 48 consensus

Article (31): The security of cyberspace is an essential part of  the economy and national security system, and the state is committed to take the necessary measures to preserve it, as regulated by the law.

Voters: 48 Approval – abstentions: 2

Article (32): The State natural resources belongs to the people, the state is committed to preserve them, and to properly exploit them, and not to depleted them, and taking into account the rights of future generations. The State is committed to work on the optimum utilization of renewable energy sources, and stimulate investment, and promote scientific research.

The state works to encourage the manufacture of raw materials, and increase the added value and in accordance with the economic feasibility. It is prohibited to dispose the state’s public properties, and the right to exploit natural resources or the commitment of public utilities law are granted for a period not to exceed thirty years.

The right of quarrying and small mines and Salinas, or grant commitment to public facilities are granted for a period not exceeding fifteen years under the law. The law determines the provisions of the act in the state own property, and organize the rules and procedures in this regard.

Voters: 46 Approval –  NO: 1 – abstention: 1

Article (33): The State protects the three kinds of properties, public property, private property and cooperative property.

Voters: 47 consensus

Article (34): sanctity of Public ownership not be compromised, and protecting it is a duty according to the law.

Voters: 47 consensus

Article (35): Private property is inviolable, and the right of its inheritance is guaranteed, and may not be placed under sequestration except in the cases specified in the law, and by judicial order, and not to be expropriated except in the public interest and against fair compensation paid in advance in accordance with the law.

Voters: 46 consensus

Article (36): The State endeavors to stimulate the private sector to perform its social responsibility to serve the national economy and society.

Voters: 47 Approval –  abstentions: 1

Article (37): Co-operative ownership is inviolable, and it is sponsored by the State and protected by the law and the law support and ensure its independence.

Voters: 48 consensus

Article (38): The aim of the tax system and other overhead costs to develop the resources of the state, and the achievement of social justice, and economic development. The generation of general taxes, or modification, or revocation is not set except by the law. And not to be exempted except in the cases specified in the law. And not to be assigned to a performance of the other taxes, or fees, except in the limits of the law.

Taking into account that the taxation to be from multiple sources. Tax on the individuals incomes are progressive and multiple slides according to their adaptive abilities. The tax system ensures the encouragement of economic activities of  intensive-labors and stimulates its role in the development of economic, social, and cultural rights.

The State is committed to upgrades the tax system, and the adoption of modern systems that achieve efficiency and convenience and provisions in tax collection. The law defines the methods and tools for the collection of taxes, fees, and any other sovereign receipts, and deposit them in the State Treasury. The performance of Taxes id a duty, and tax evasion is a crime.

Voters: 48 consensus

Article (39): savings is a national duty protected, insured and encouraged by the state, according to the regulations of the law.

Voters 48 (consensus)

Article (40): Confiscation of property is prohibited. No confiscation of private property, except by court order.

(consensus)

Article (41): The state is committed to the implementation of population program aims to achieve a balance between population growth rates and available resources, and maximize the investment in human energy and improve their properties, and within the framework of sustainable development.

(Consensus)

Article (42): The share of workers in the projects management and in the profits, and are committed to the development of production and implementation of the plan in their units and productivity according to the law. Maintaining the tools of production is a national duty. The representation of workers on the boards of public sector units is 50% of the number of elected members, and represented on the boards of public sector companies according to the law. law regulates the representation of small farmers and small craftsmen, by not less than 80% in the boards of directors of agricultural, industrial and craft cooperative associations.

(consensus)

Article (43): The State is committed to the protection of the Suez Canal and development, and preservation as an  international waterway owned by the State. The state is also committed to the development sector channel as it is an economic distinct hub. (consensus)

Article (44); The State is committed to the protection of the river Nile, and the preservation of Egypt’s historic rights related to it, and rationalize and optimize benefit from it, and not to waste water or pollute. The state is committed to the protection of groundwater, and takes the means to achieve water security and support for scientific research in this area. The right of every citizen in the enjoyment of the River Nile is guaranteed, and prohibits the infringement of the nile sanctity or harming the river environment,and the state ensures to remove encroachment as regulated by law.

(consensus)

Article (45): The State is committed to the protection of seas and beaches and lakes and waterways and natural protectorates. And prohibits infringement upon, or pollution, or use it as incompatible with the nature, and the right of every citizen in the enjoyment is guaranteed, as the State guarantees the protection and development of green space in urban areas, and the preservation of flora and fauna and fish, and to protect them from extinction or danger, and the Humane Society, so whole as regulated by law.

Voters: 48 –  objection: 2  – abstentions: 2

Article (46): Everyone has the right to a healthy environment, and protecting it is a national duty. The State is obliged to take the necessary measures to preserve it, with no harm to it, and the rational use of natural resources to ensure sustainable development, and to ensure the rights of future generations.

(consensus)

Chapter III Culture Constituents

Article (47): The State is committed to preserve the Egyptian culture and all its cultural varieties joists.

Voters: 47 Approval –  objection: 1

article (48): culture is a right for every citizen, the state is committed to support it and to provide cultural materials of all kinds for all people’s categories, without discrimination based on financial ability or geographic location, or otherwise. The state takes a special care of  remote areas and those most in need. The State encourages the movement of translation from and into Arabic.

(consensus)

Article (49): The State is committed to the protection of monuments and preserve them, and takes care of their areas, and the maintenance, restoration, and recovery of the seized upon them, and organizes and supervises excavation. It is prohibited to give  or swap anything from them. And prohibited to assault or trafficking and it is a no statute of limitations crime.

Voters: 48 Approval  – abstentions: 1

Article (50): Egypt heritage of  civilization, culture, moral and material in all its diversity and grand stages, ancient Egyptian, Coptic, and Islamic, national and humanely wealth is the commitment of the state to maintain it and protect it, as well as the balance of contemporary architectural cultural, literary and various artistic and its diversity, and the attack on any of this is a punishable crime by the law. The state pays special attention to maintain the components of cultural pluralism in Egypt.

Voters: 47  -  abstentions: 5

Part III: The Public Rights, Freedoms and Duties

Article (51): Dignity is a right of every human being, and not be compromised, and the State is obliged to respect it and protect it.

Voters: Approval 44

Article (52): Torture in all its forms and manifestations is a no statute of limitations Crime.

Voters: Approval 43

Article (53): Citizens are equal before the law, they are equal in rights and freedoms and duties, without discrimination because of religion, or creed, or gender, origin, race, color, language, or disability, or social status, or political or geographic affiliation, or any other reason. Discrimination and incitement to hatred is a crime punishable by the law. The State is obliged to take the necessary measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination, and the law regulates the establishment of independent commission for this purpose.

Voters:  43  – Approval:  38  – No: 5

Article (54): Personal freedom is a natural right, which shall not be touched, and except in the case of flagrante delicto, no one to be arrested or patted down, or imprisoned, or get any freedom restriction except by a causal judicial warrant required by the investigation.

Should be promptly notified any case of freedom restriction, and he/she get acknowledged of his/her rights in written, and can connect with his/her family and his/her lawyer immediately, and to be submitted to the authority of the investigation within  Twenty four hours from the restriction time of his/her freedom.

It is prohibited to begin interrogation without the presence of his/her  lawyer, and if there is no lawyer, they have the right to assign a lawyer, while providing the necessary assistance to people with disabilities, in accordance with procedures prescribed by the law.

Each of whose freedom is restricted and others have the right to appeal in court from this procedure and it must be finalized within a week of the procedure, otherwise he/ she to be released immediately.

The law regulates the provisions of custody, and duration, and its causes, and cases of compensation entitlement which is abide by the state for remand, Or on the implementation of a verdict issued by definitive judgement to cancel the executed rule thereunder.

In all cases, the accused may not be trialed for crimes that may require imprisonment, but at the presence of a lawyer or assigned counsel.

Votes: 46 – Approval: 43 – Refrains: 2 – objector: 1

Article (55): Each of the arrested, or imprisoned, or deprived of his / her  liberty must be treated including the preservation of his dignity, and not to be tortured, not intimidating, nor coercion, nor physically or morally harmed, nor be booked, or imprisoned except in designated decent, humane and healthy areas.  The state is committed to provide the means of access for people with disabilities. And contrary none of that offense shall be punished according to the law. The accused have the right to remain silent. Any statement to prove that he was released from custody under any of the foregoing, the threat or something of it, shall be null and not reliable.

Votes: 46 Approval-  refrain: 2  – rejection: none.

Article (56): jail is a reform and rehabilitation. Prisons and places of detention are subject to judicial supervision , prohibits all of the contrary to human dignity, or displays health of jailed at risk. The law regulates the provisions of the reform and rehabilitation of sentenced persons, and facilitate access to decent life for them after their release.

Approved: All.

Article (57): The private life has sanctity, which not to be touched. Postal Correspondence, telegraphic , electronic, telephone conversations, and other means of communication are inviolable and its confidentiality is guaranteed, may not be confiscated, or see it, or monitored except by a causal judicial warrant, and for a specified period, and in cases prescribed by the law. Also the state is committed to protect citizens right  to use the public means of communication in all its forms, and may not be disabled or discontinued or arbitrarily deprive citizens of them, and it is regulated by the  law.

Approval: 48 members “consensus”

Article (58): Homes have sanctity, and except in cases of danger or distress they may not be entered, or inspected, and monitored or tapped except by a causal judicial warrant, determines the location, timing, and the purpose of it, and all of that in the circumstances set forth in the law, and in the manner prescribed by, and should be alert of the house when they enter or inspect, and inform them of the order issued in this regard.

Approval: 47 votes – 1 voice did not participate.

Article (59): Secured Life is the right of every human being, and the state is committed to provide security and peace of mind for their citizens, and every resident on its territory.

Approval: 46 – 2  did not take part.

Article (60): The human body has sanctity and it is inviolable and assault him, or distorted, or distorting it ,is a punishable crime by the law. Prohibits trafficking in organs, prohibits to medically or scientifically experiment in a human body without his free documented choice, according to the stable foundations in the field of medical science, as regulated by the law.

Approved: 47 – Objection: 1

Article (61): To donate tissues and organs are a gift of life, and each human right to donate the organs of his body during his lifetime or after his death under the approval or commandment documented, and the State is committed to establish a mechanism to regulate the rules of organ donation and cultivation according to the law.

Approval:  43  – Objectors: 3

Article (62): freedom of movement, residence, immigration is guaranteed. Prohibited to deport any citizen on the territory of the State, prohibited to prevent him from returning to it. The citizen is not to be prevented from leaving the territory of the State, or the imposition of house arrest, or prohibit residence in a particular destination, except by a causal judicial warrant and for a specific period, and in the circumstances set forth in the law.

Approval by 48 members “Consensus”

Article 63: Prohibits arbitrary forced displacement of citizens in all its forms and manifestations, and violation of that is no statute of limitations Crime.

Approval of 46 member  – Objections: 2.

Article (64): Freedom of belief is absolute. And the freedom of religious practice and the establishment of houses of worship to the owners of the heavenly religions, the right to be regulated by the law.

Approval of 36 members – Objections: 8  (i.e. 75% of attendees)

Article (65): Freedom of thought and opinion is guaranteed. Everyone has the right to express his opinion by saying, or writing, or photography, or other means of expression and publication.

Approval 43 out of 48 votes.

Article (66): Freedom of Scientific research is guaranteed, and is committed to state-sponsored researchers and inventors to protect their innovations and work on the application.

Approved: consensus

Article (67): freedom of artistic creativity is guaranteed, and the state is committed to the advancement of the arts and literature, and care for the creators and the protection of their creations, and to provide the necessary means to do so. Prohibited to lift or move the proceedings to stop or confiscates works of art, literary and intellectual or against the creators only by the public prosecutor, and do not impose a custodial crimes committed because of publicly artistic or literary Product. Crimes related to inciting violence or discrimination between citizens or delve in the reputation of individuals, identifies by the  law sanctions.

And The Court in this case requires the convicted person to compensate the penalty for the damaged person of the crime, in addition to the original compensation owed ​​to him due to the resulted damages, all in accordance with the law.

Approval of 41 members

Article (68): Information, data, statistics and official documents belong to the people, and disclosed From various sources, a right guaranteed by the state for every citizen, and the State is committed to provide and make them available to citizens with transparency, and the law regulates the access, the availability and confidentiality, and the rules of the data entry and saving, and the appeal of the refusal to give it, and the law punishes information withhold or intentionally giving false information.

The institutions of the state are committed to deposit official documents after the completion of the period of work by the National Archives House , and protect and secure from loss or damage, and the restoration and digitization by all means and modern tools according to the law.

Approved by 46 members – Objection: 2.

Article (69): The State is committed to protect intellectual property rights of various kinds in all fields, and establish a specialized competent system to take care of those rights and legal protection, regulated by the  law. -

Approved: All.

Article (70): Freedom of the press, printing and publishing paper and audio-visual and e-mail is guaranteed, and the Egyptians of persons natural or legal person, public or private, the right of ownership and the publication of newspapers and create ways radio and television, and digital media. Newspapers are issued as soon as the notification as regulated by law. The law regulates the procedures for the establishment and owns radio stations and the visual and electronic newspapers.

Approval of 46 members – Objection: 1.

(Article 71) Prohibits any control on newspapers and Egyptian media or forfeiture, suspension or closure. May be an exception to censor specific forth in time of war or public mobilization. Nor to  impose a custodial punishment on publication or publicity. As for the related crimes of inciting violence or discrimination between citizens or damage the reputation of individuals, these are determined by law sanctions. and the Court in these conditions require the convicted person to compensate the damaged person from the crime, in addition to the the original compensation resulted from damages, all in accordance with the law.

Approval of 43 member – refrain: 2 –  opposition: 1

Article (72); The State is committed to ensure the independence of its own news organizations and the media, in order to ensure impartiality, and expression of all views and political trends, intellectual and social interests, and ensures equality and equal opportunities in addressing the public.

Approval: All.

Article (73): Citizens have the right to organize public meetings, processions and demonstrations, and all forms of peaceful protests, unarmed of any type, and to be notified as regulated by the law. Right of the peaceful Special Meeting  is guaranteed, without the need for prior notice and may not be for the security men to attend or monitor, or tapping it.

Approved by the session with 45 votes – 1 abstention  – opposition : 2

(Article 74): The citizens have the right to form political parties, to be notified and regulated by the law. And may not be engaging in any political activity, or do political parties based on religion, or on the basis of discrimination on grounds of sex, origin, or on the basis of sectarian or geographic, or exercise hostile activity to the principles of democracy, or a secret, or a nature military or quasi-military. Parties shall not be resolved  without a court order.

Approved by 45 votes – abstention: 2 – Opposition: 1

Article (75): The citizens have the right to form associations and institutions on a democratic basis, and shall have legal personality once it is notified. And operates freely, and may not have the interference of administrative bodies in its affairs, or dissolves their boards of directors or boards of trustees except by court order. Prohibits the establishment or continuation of associations or NGOs have its or their activities a secret or have a military character or quasi-military, all as regulated by the  law.

Approved by:  45 votes – the abstention of 2 votes – the opposition voice: 1

Article (76): The creation of syndicates and unions on the basis of a democratic right guaranteed by law. It shall have legal personality, and operate freely, and contribute to raise the level of efficiency among its members and defend their rights and protect their interests. The State guarantees the independence of the trade unions and federations, may not be dissolved boards of directors without a court order, may not create any of these irregular bodies.

Approved by :46 votes –  abstention : 1 –  oppose: 1

Article (77): The law regulates the establishment of trade unions and management on a democratic basis, and ensures  its independence and identifies resources, and its members registration methods, and held accountable for their conduct in the exercise of their professional activity, according to the professional codes of ethics. Prohibits to create more that one union to organize professions, Only one union. May not be placed under sequestration or intervention of administrative bodies in their affairs, and may not be dissolved boards of directors without a court order, and it is consulted on projects related to its laws.

Approved by 44 votes.

Article (78): The State guarantees the right to adequate housing, safe and healthy, in order to preserve human dignity and achieve social justice.

The State is committed to the development of a national plan for housing that takes into account privacy environmental, and ensure that the contribution of self-initiatives and cooperative in the implementation, and regulates the use of the territory of the state, and to provide basic facilities in the urban framework planning of cities and villages constructions.

And a strategy for the distribution of the population, including the public interest and improves the quality of of life for citizens and preserves the rights of future generations. The state also committed to develop a comprehensive national plan to face the problem of slums and remote areas include re-planning and the provision of infrastructure and facilities.

The state is committed to improve the quality of life and public health, and ensures the provision of the necessary resources for implementation during specified period of time.

Approved: All.

Article ( 79): Every citizen has the right to a healthy and sufficient food and clean water, and the state is committed to secure food resources for all citizens. The state ensures food sovereignty in a sustainable manner, and to ensure preservation of agricultural’s biodiversity and varieties of native plants to maintain the rights of future generations. -

Approved by: 45 votes – abstention: two members – rejected: 1.

Article (80): Any citizen who did not attained 18 years old, is a child. And every child has the right to a name and identification papers, and free compulsory vaccination, and health care and family or alternative family, and basic nutrition, and safe haven, and religious education, and affection and cognitive development.

The State guarantees the rights of children with disabilities and their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. The sate is committed to the state child welfare and protection of all forms of violence, abuse and ill-treatment and sexual commercial exploitation.

Every child has the right to early education in the childhood Center until the age of six, and prohibits child labor before surpassed the age of completion of basic education, also prohibits the operation in business by being at risk. The state is also committed to create a special legal victims and witness system for children. The child may not be held criminally accountable or detained, except in accordance with the law and for the period specified therein.

The state is committed to provide the child with legal assistance, and be held in suitable places and separate from the places of adults detention, and the state works to achieve the best interest of the child in all procedures taken towards the child.

Approval: 42 –  abstention: 1  – Refused: 1  -  did not participate: 1

Article (81): The State is committed to ensure the rights of persons with disabilities and dwarfs. The state is committed to take care of them healthy, economically, socially, culturally, and entertainment and sports and education, and the provision of job opportunities with the allocation percentage to them. The state is committed to create  public utilities and the environment surrounding them, and the practice of all political rights, and integrate them with other citizens, in line with the principles of equality, justice and equal opportunities.

Approval: 43 – objection: 1

Article (82): The State ensures the care of youth and new generations, and work on discovering their talents and develop their cultural, scientific, psychological, physical and creativity, and encourage them to work as teamwork and volunteerism, and enable them to participate in public life.

Approved: consensus.

Article (83): The State is committed to ensures elderly rights of  healthy, economically, socially, culturally, entertainment and the provision of appropriate pension guarantees them a decent life, and enable them to participate in public life. And take into account the state’s planning for elderly needs of public facilities. The state also encourages civil society organizations to participate in the care of the elderly. All of this is as regulated by the law.

Approved by 48 out of 48 members.

Article (84): Sports is a right for all. The state is committed through the institutions of the state and society to discover talented athletes and to take care of them, and to take the necessary measures to encourage exercise and sports. The law regulates and organize sport affairs and sport civil institutions in accordance with international standards, and how to settle sports disputes.

Approved by 47 members out of 48 members.

Article (85): Everyone has the right to address public authorities in writing and sign it, The state not to be addressed in the name of groups, but for juridical persons.

Voted: consensus.

Article (86): Maintain national security is a duty, and national security’s observance of everyone is a national responsibility guaranteed by the law. The Defense and the Protection of the homeland is an honor and a sacred duty. Recruitment is mandatory according to the law. -

Approval: consensus 48 votes.

Article (87): Citizen’s participation in public life is a national duty, and every citizen has the right to vote and run for office and express opinion on the referendum, and the law directly regulates these rights, and shall be exempt from this duty in specific cases prescribed by the law.

The State is committed to the inclusion of the name of every citizen base Data voters without asking them when they meet the terms of the voters. The state is also committed to purify this rule periodically according to the law. The state guarantees the safety procedures for referendums and the impartiality and integrity of the elections. Prohibits the use of public money and government departments and public facilities and houses of worship and institutions, the business sector, associations and institutions for the purposes of political or electoral propaganda.

Approved: consensus by 48 members.

Article (88): The State is committed to safeguard the interests of Egyptians living abroad, and to protect them and to ensure their rights and freedoms, and enable them to perform their duties in public about the state and society and their contribution to the development of the nation. The law regulates their participation in elections and referendums in accordance with their conditions, without being bound in the provisions of voting, counting and announcement of the results set out in this Constitution. All while providing guarantees that ensure the integrity of the election process or referendum and neutrality.

Approved consensus by 48 members.

Article 89: Prohibits all forms of slavery, oppression and forced exploitation human beings, and the sex trade, and other forms of trafficking in human beings, the law criminalizes all that. -

Approval of 47 members –  abstention: 1

Article (90): The State is committed to promotes a charitable trust to establish care institutions, scientific, cultural, health, social and other, and to take care of them and to ensure its independence, and managed its affairs in accordance with the terms of standing, and regulated by the law.

Return to vote e-Reader: abstention: 2 – approved: 45 – Objector: 1.

Article (91): The state grants political asylum to every persecuted foreigner for defending the interests of the peoples or human rights, peace or justice. Extradition of political refugees is prohibited, and all in accordance with the law.

Approval of a total of 43 members.

Article (92): The rights and freedoms inherent in the person of the citizen do not accept disruptive or detraction. Nor shall any law regulates the practice of the rights and freedoms to be restricted as to prejudice its origin and essence.

Approval by 43 members.

Article (93): The state is committed to the International Human Rights conventions and agreements ratified by Egypt, and become the force of law after being published in accordance with the conditions prescribed.

Approval of 40 members – Objection: 8

Part IV rule of law

Article 94: The rule of law is the basis of governance in the country. And the State is subject to the law, and the independence of the judiciary, immunity, impartiality are basic safeguards to protect the rights and the freedoms.

Approved by final : 46 votes – abstention: 1

Article 95: Personal Punishment. No crime or punishment to take place except under the law, punishment doesn’t take place except except by court injunction. No punishment takes place but only for acts committed subsequent to the effective date of the law.

Approved by: 46 voice – rejected: 2.

Article 96: The defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a fair legal trial that guarantees the right to defend himself. The law regulates the resumption of sentences in felonies. The state provides protection for victims and witnesses and defendants and informants when it is appropriate, in accordance with the law.

Approved: consensus

Article 97: The right to litigate is guaranteed for all. The state is committed to bring the parties to litigation, and works to speed the disposition of cases, and prohibits immunize any administrative action or decision from judicial review, nor person trialed, but in front of the courts judge, and special courts are prohibited.

Approved: consensus 48 voters.

Article 98: The right to defend in person or by proxy is guaranteed. And independence of the legal profession of attorneys and the protection of their rights is guaranteed to ensure the right of defense. The law guarantees  all means to resort to justice, and defend the rights of these who are financially incapable.

Approved: final consensus.

Article 99: For every attack on personal freedom or citizens private lives, and other public rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution and the Law, is a crime that doesn’t fall for statute of limitations. And its criminal and civil results don’t fall for statute of limitations.

The harmed person has the right for direct prosecution. The State guarantees fair compensation for those who suffered the attack, and the National Council for Human Rights to inform the prosecution for any violation of these rights, and may intervene in a civil action joining the harmed person at his request, and in the manner prescribed by the law.

Approved: 45 votes –  Objection: 2 –  abstention: 1

Article 100: Judgments are carried out on behalf of the people. The state ensures the means of implementation as regulated by the law. The refrain from or delay in executing the part of the concerned public officials, is punishable crime by the law, and the victim in this case has the right to raise a direct criminal case to the concerned court. And the Public Prosecutor’s Office at the request of the victim, moves the criminal case against the employee who refused to implement the ruling or disabled the offending.

Approved: consensus.

Part V Regime System – First chapter (The Legislature Authority) – House of Representatives

Article (101): The House of Representatives handles the power of legislation, and the adoption of public policy of the state, and the general plan for economic development, and social, and the state budget, and exercises control over the actions of the executive authorities, all as set forth in the Constitution. -

Vote: of 47 members consensus.

Article (102) The Council of Representatives forms of not less than four hundred and fifty members, elected by direct confidential ballot. Required in candidate for membership of the Council to be an Egyptian, enjoying civil and political rights, obtained a certificate of completion at least basic education, and not less than twenty-five years old from the day of elections candidacy.

The law shows other conditions for elections candidacy, the election system, and the division of constituencies, including taking into account equitable representation of the population, and the provinces, and equal representation for voters, and it may be taking the individually or list electoral system or to combine in any percentage between them.

The President of the Republic may appoint a number of members in the House of Representatives which is not more than 5%, and the law specifies how they are nominated.

Voters: consensus approval.

Article (103): The member of the House of Representatives is dedicated to membership functions and retains his post or work according to the law.

Voters: consensus approval.

Article 104: The member of the house of Representatives make the following oath in front of the House of Representatives before starting  his/her work: “I swear by Almighty God to uphold the Republican system, to respect the Constitution and the law, and fully safeguard the interests of the people and to safeguard the independence of the country and the unity and territorial integrity.”

Approval of 47 votes.

Article (105): The member of house of representatives earns remuneration determined by the law. And if the reward is adjusted, the amendment is not implemented, but starting from the next legislative which decides it.

Approval: consensus.

Article (106): The period for membership in the Council of Representatives is five years, starting from the date of its first meeting. And the new Council is elected during the sixty days prior to the expiry of its period.

Approval: consensus.

Article (107): The Cassation court is concerned of the lawsuit of the membership validity of the House of Representatives, and appeals are submitted to the Cassation court within a period not exceeding thirty days from the date of announcement of the final result of the election. The Cassation court decides the appeal verdict within sixty days from the date of presentation. In the case of invalidating judgment of the membership, it is void from the date of the council’s decision notification.

Approval by 46 votes.

Article (108): If the member’s place of the House of Representatives became vacant, before the expiry of six months at least, his place should be filled according to the law within sixty days from the date of the council’s vacant place report.

Approval by 46 votes.

Article (109): The member of the Council for the duration of membership is not allowed to buy, or rent, in particular, or through an intermediary, nothing in state funds , or any of the persons of public law, or public sector companies, or public business sector, and rent or sell a bit of money, or bartered it, and do not conclude  commitment contract, or the supply of, or contractor, or any other. And all of these behaviors are void.

The member should provide financial disclosure, when membership is filled, and when the member leaves at the end of each year. If the member receives a gift or cash or any kin of gifts due to membership or its occasion, the gift ownership goes to the State Treasury. All this in a way that is organized by the law.

Approval of 46 members – abstentions : 2.

Article (110): It may not drop the membership of a member only if  the member loses the confidence and consideration, or loses one of the conditions for membership which the member was elected on the basis of, or in breach of its obligations and duties. The decision to drop a Membership  is handled by the majority of two-thirds of the House of Representatives members.

Approval: 48 members

Article (111): The House of Representatives accepts resignation of its members, and must be submitted in writing, and condition to accept it, that the Council had not begun in the action of dropping the membership against the member before the resignation submission date.

Approval:  45 members

Article (112 ): The member of the of the House of Representatives is not to be questioned about his views related to the performance of his work in the Assembly or its committees.

Approval by 48 members consensus.

Article (113): Only in cases of flagrante delicto, it may not be taken any criminal procedure against a member of the House of Representatives in felonies and misdemeanors articles, but with a prior permission of Parliament. A permission should be taken from the council, and notify the council at the first held session to inform about taken procedure. This in case of the session non-role. In any case, the council take a decision in relation to taking criminal procedure against the member within thirty days at most, Otherwise the request will considered acceptable.

Votes: Consensus.

Article ( 114): The headquarter of the House of Representatives is in Cairo city. In case of  exceptional circumstances, the House of Representatives  held its meetings in another place at the request of the President, or one-third of the members of the Council. Otherwise, The meeting of the Council and any issued decisions by the council will be considered void.

Votes: Consensus.

Article (115): The President of the Republic calls the Council of Representatives to held a meeting for the Ordinary annual cycle before the first Thursday of the month of October. If meeting is not called by the President, the Council held the meeting according to the constitution in the specified day. The Ordinary annual cycle continues for a period of at least nine months, and the president disengage the cycle of the meeting after the Council’s approval, and it may not be taken place for the Council before the adoption of the the state’s public budget.

Approval of 48 members – Consensus.

Article (116): The House of Representatives may held an extraordinary meeting to consider urgent matter at the invitation of the President of the Republic, or a request signed by at least ten members of the parliament.

Approval of 48 members – Consensus.

Article (117): The House of Representatives elect a President and two deputies among its members at the first meeting of its ordinary annual session for a legislature cycle, if one of the posts became vacant, the Council elects a replacement, and the internal regulation determines the procedures of the election.

In the case of a breach of  obligations of the elected president or the two deputies, one-third of the members of the Council have the right to exempt any of them, and issue a decision by a majority of two-thirds of the members. In all cases, the elected president or any of  the two deputies may not be elected more than two legislative consecutive cycles.

Approval : Consensus.

Article (118): The Council of Representatives put  its internal regulation to organize its functions, and how it practices its powers, and the maintenance of internal order, and it is issued by the law.

Approval of: Consensus.

Article (119): The Council of Representatives to maintain order inside, and it is handled by the President of the Council.

Approval of :  47 members –  abstention: 1

Article 120: The sessions of the Council of Representatives are public. And the President of the Republic or the Prime Minister or the President of the Council or at least 20 Parliament members may ask the council to held a closed session. Then the council decide with the majority of its members whether or not to held a public or closed session to discuss the issue in subject.

Approval: 48 members consensus.

Article (121): The meeting of the Council is not correct and its decisions are not applicable, but with the attendance of the majority of its members. There are conditions which require a special majority meeting. But otherwise, the decisions are issued by absolute majority of the attendants. When Equal views of the council take place, the issue that has been handled will be rejected.

The approval of laws is issued by the absolute majority attendants, with at least  third of the members of the Council. The complementary laws are issued with the approval of two-Thirds of the members council. The laws regulate the presidential elections, and parliamentary, and local, political parties, the judiciary, and laws related to judicial institutions and bodies, and the organization of the rights and freedoms contained in the Constitution and  it is complementing it.

Approval of :46 members – Abstentions: 2

Article 122: The President of the Republic, and the Ministers Council, and each member of the House of Representatives to propose laws.

All law projects presented by the government, or presented from ten members of the Council are transmitted to the competent committees of the House of Representatives, for examination and to be reported to the Council. The committee may take the advice of experts for the issue in subject.

Any Law proposal by a parliament member is not transmitted nor referred to the relevant committee, unless it is allowed by the competent committee and the Council approval. If the Committee rejects the proposed law, The committee should provide the reasons of rejection. Every law project or law proposal rejected by the Council, may not be allowed for a second time presentation again in the same session role itself.

Approval of 47 votes –  abstention: 1

Article 123: The President of the Republic has the right to issue laws or to object them. If The President of the Republic Objected a law project that was approved by the the House of Representatives, his response to it within thirty days of Council’s reporting to the President And if There is no response to the Law project within this date, the law draft will be considered a law and it will be issued.

If the response of the President to the council is within the specified period, and it is approved by the majority of the thirds of the council members, the law draft will be considered a law and it will be issued.

Votes: Approval Consensus.

Article (124): The General State Budget includes all its revenue and expenditure without exception. Its Project to be presented to the House of Representatives by at least ninety days from the start of the fiscal year. The budget is not executed but with the council’s agreement on it. And the votes are taken on each section.

The Council may amend expenditure in the budget’s draft, except what is received pursuant to a specific obligation on the state. If consequent amendment increase in total expenses, the council agrees with the government to measure the sources of revenue to achieved re- balance between the two.

T​he budget law may include an amendment in the existing law to the necessary extent to achieve this balance. In all cases, the budget law may not include any text that would put new  burdens on citizens. The law determines the fiscal year, and the method of preparation of the general budget, and the provisions of institutions budgets and public bodies and their accounts.

The council must approve to transfer any amount from one section to another from the general budget sectors,  and also on every expense that was not included in it, or in excess of its estimates, and the approval is issued by the law.

Approval of : 44 members –  objection: 3 members.

Article (125):  The final account of the general budget of the state and the annual report of the central bank and its remarks on the final account, must be presented to the House of Representatives during a period not exceeding six months from the date of the end of the fiscal year. The council may require any accounts or any other data or reports from the central bank.

Approval of :47 members – Objection: 1.

Article (126): The law regulates the basic rules for the collection of public funds and the procedures for disbursement.

Approval of 45 members –  abstentions: 3

Article 127: The executive authority may borrow, or obtain financing, or link to a project that is not included in the general approved budget entailing expenditure of funds from the state treasury for a future period, but only after the approval of the House of Representatives. -

Approval of 44 members –  abstentions: 3  – rejected: 1

Article (128): The law shows rules for determining salaries and pensions, compensation, benefits and bonuses, which are decided on the state treasury, and identifies exceptions of them, and those which holds the application.

Approval by 47 members.

Article (129): Each member of the House of Representatives to address questions about any subjects within the competences of the Prime Minister or one of his deputies or any of  the Ministers or their deputies, and they have to answer these questions. The member may withdraw his question at any time, but may not transfer the question to interrogation in the same session.

Approve 45 members –  abstention: 3

Article (130): Each member of the House of Representatives to address questions to the Prime Minister or one of his deputies, or any of the Ministers or their deputies, to hold them accountable for matters within their competences.

The Council discuss the questioning after at least seven days from the date of submission, and a maximum of sixty days, except in urgency cases as the council it, and after the approval of the government.

Approval of 43 members  – abstention: 3 – objector: 1 – and the lack of one member participation.

Article 131: The House of Representatives may decide to withdraw confidence from the Prime Minister or one of his deputies, or one of the Ministers or their deputies. And the request to withdraw confidence may not presented but after the questioning.

The request to withdraw confidence is based on suggestion of at least ten members of the council. The council issue its decision after discussing the interrogation, and withdraw confidence by the  majority of the members.

In all cases, it may not request withdrawal of confidence in a matter which the council has decided about, previously in the session itself. And if the Council decided to withdraw confidence from the Prime Minister, or of a vice or a minister, or their deputies, and the government declared its solidarity with him before the vote, the government must resign. And if the decision to withdraw confidence relates to one of the members of the government, he is obliged to resign.

Approval of the 45 member  – abstention: 1 –  objector: 2

Article (132): It is allowed for at least twenty members of the House of Representatives to ask to discuss a general topic in order to clarify the government’s policy on it.

Approval: Consensus.

Article (133): For each member of the House of Representatives to make a proposal or urgent statement to the Prime Minister, or one of his deputies, or one of the ministers or their deputies.

Approval:  47 members – abstention: 1.

Article (134): for each member of the House of Representatives to submit a request for information or an urgent statement to the Prime Minister or to one of his deputies, or one of the  Ministers or their deputies, in general matters of urgent importance.

Approval of 47 members –  abstention: 1

Article (135): The members of the House of Representatives to form a special committee, or entrust any of its committees for fact-finding in general topic, or examine the activities of any of the administrative bodies, or public bodies, or public projects, and the purpose of finding the facts in a particular subject, and to inform the Council of the actual financial status or administrative, or economic, or investigations conduct in any subject related to one of the previous work or other. The Council decides what he deems appropriate in this regard.

In order for The committee to carry out its mission,  to collect what it sees from evidences, and ask to hear who the committee wants to hear his testimony, and on all sides to respond to the request of the  committee, and to put at the disposal of the committee what it requires of  documents or otherwise. In all cases, each member of the House of Representatives has the right to obtain any data or information from the executive Authority related to the performance of his work in the Council.

Approval of 43 members – Objection: 4 – did not vote: 1.

Article (136): The Prime Minister and his deputies, Ministers and their deputies to attend meetings of the House of Representatives, or one of its committees, and their presence is mandatory at the request of the Council, and their use of those who they see the senior staff. Should listen to them whenever they asked to speak, and they have to respond to the issues under discussion without having counted vote when taking opinion. -

Voice 47 approval –  abstention: 1

Article (137 ): It is not permissible for the President of the republic to dissolve the House of Representatives but only when necessary, and with a reasoned decision, after a referendum of the people, and the council may not be dissolved for the same reason of the previous council.

The President of the Republic issues a decision to stop the meetings of the Council, and runs a referendum on the dissolving  during  twenty days at the most, If approved by a majority of participants in the referendum with valid votes, the President issues the decision of the dissolving, and calls for new elections within thirty days from the date of the decision issuance. The new council meets during the ten days following the announcement of the final result.

Approved:  40 member, objection: seven members – abstention: 1.

Article (138): Every citizen makes his/her written proposals to the House of Representatives on general issues, and submits complaints to the council to be referred to the relevant ministers, and they have to provide their explanations concerning the complaint, if requested by the Council. The concerned person to be informed of the result of the complaint.

Approval of 47 members –  abstention: 1.

Chapter II (Executive Authority) Of The Regime Section

I – President Of The Republic

Article (139): The President is the head of the state and the head of the executive Authority, sponsor the people’s interests and preserve the homeland independence and territorial integrity and adheres to the provisions of the Constitution and proceed with his competences as clarified by the constitution.

Votes: 49 approval  without objection or abstention

Article (140): The president is elected for a period of four years starting from the following day of  the expiration of term of his predecessor, and may not be re-elected but only once. The procedures for electing the president start before the end of the presidential term by hundred and twenty days at least, and the result must be announced before the end of this period with at least thirty days. The president of the Republic may not hold any partisan post for the presidency duration

Approval: 48 – Abstention: 1

Article (141): Whoever is nominated as President of the Republic must be an Egyptian born to Egyptian parents, and should not have been carrying, or any of the parents or Wife, citizenship of another country, and enjoying civil and political rights, and that he has served in the Military service or has been exempted by the law, and shall not be less age than 40 years old on the day of candidacy, and the law defines the other conditions for candidacy.

Voting: 46 agree – abstention:  1  -  objection: 1 – did not participate : 1

Article (142): It is required to accept the candidacy for the presidency that the candidate gets recommended by  at least twenty members of the House of Representatives, or to be supported by not less than twenty-five thousand citizens who have the right to vote in fifteen governorates at least and to maintain at least a minimum of a thousand supporters of each governorate of the 15. In all cases, it is not allowed to support more than one candidate by the same voters, so as regulated by the law.

votes: approved by  49 agreed

Article (143): The President is elected by direct general confidential suffrage, and this is by absolute majority of valid votes, the law regulates the procedures for electing the President of the Republic.

Approval: 49 agreed

Article (144): Before the President takes office, he makes the oath in front of the House of Representatives, which is as follows: “I swear by Almighty God to loyally uphold the Republican system, to respect the Constitution and the law, and fully safeguard the interests of the people  and to safeguard the independence of the nation and the territory unity and integrity .” The Oath sworn to be in front of  the General Assembly of the Constitutional Supreme Court in the case there isn’t a House of Representatives.

Rating: 48 agree, – did not participate: 1  member.

Article (145): The law determines the salary of the President, and he is not to receive any salary or other remuneration, nor gets any modification on the salary during the term of the presidency.

The President of the Republic is not allowed to carry on throughout the duration of his tenure, in particular, or through an intermediary, a freelancer profession, or a business, or financial, or industrial, not to buy, or rent any state funds, or any of the public law persons, or public sector companies, or public business sector, not to rent, or sell something of his money to them, nor should it be bartered, nor to enter into a contract with them, or the supply of, or contractor, or other.

It is void any of these behaviors. The President of the Republic should provide financial disclosure when he takes office, and when he leaves, and in the end of each year, and publish the financial disclosure in the Official Newspaper.

The President of the Republic is not allowed to give himself any medals or decorations. If he in particular or through mediation receive a gift of cash, or any other kind of gifts because of the post or the occasion of the post, the ownership of it goes to the State Treasury.

Votes: 45 agree – abstention: 1 – did not participate : 3 members.

Article (146): The president of the Republic charge to Prime Minister to form the government and introduce his program to the House of Representatives. If his government doesn’t get the confidence of the majority of the members of the House of Representatives within thirty days at the most, the president assigns a Prime Minister to be nominated by the party or the winning coalition, which won the majority of seats in the House of Representatives.

If his government doesn’t get the confidence of the majority of the members of the House of Representatives within thirty days, The Council is considered then dissolved and the president calls for the election of a new Parliament within sixty days from the date of the decision of the dissolving.

In all cases, the total periods of choice which is stated in this article, should not exceed 60 days. in the case of the dissolving of the House of Representatives. The Prime Minister forms his government, and its program and present it to the new House of Representatives in the first meeting.

In case of choosing the government from the party or the winning coalition that won the majority of seats in the House of Representatives, the President of the Republic in consultation with the Prime Minister, to choose the ministers of defense, interior, foreign affairs and justice.

Votes: 44 agree -abstentions: 3 – objection: 2.

Article 147: The President of the Republic to exempt the government from performing its work, subject to approval by the majority of the members of the House of Representatives, and the President of the Republic proceed a reshuffle after consultation with the Prime Minister and the approval of the House of Representatives by an absolute majority of those of the attendants and not less than one-third of the members of the Council.

Votes:  47 agree  -  objector: 2

Article 148: The President of the Republic may delegate some of his competences to the Prime Minister, or his deputies, or ministers, or the Conservatives, and it is not allowed for any of them to to delegate others, this as regulated by the law.

Approved by:  49 members, consensus.

Article ( 149): The President of the Republic calls the government for a meeting to consult on important matters, and presides the meeting which he will be attend.

Votes: approval: 49 votes, consensus.

Article (150): The President of the Republic in association with the Ministers Council, put the general policy of the state, and oversee its implementation, as described in the Constitution. The President may address a statement on the general policy of the state in front of the House of Representatives at the opening of its annual ordinary convention. The President may make statements, or addresses messages to the council.

Votes:  48 votes –  a member of abstention

Article (151) The President of the Republic represent the state in its foreign relations, and ratifies treaties, and countersigns them after the approval of the House of Representatives, and treaties get the force of law after publication in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.

Voters should be called for the referendum on the peace treaties and alliance, and what concern the rights of sovereignty, and they are not ratified until after the announcement of the result of the referendum’s approval. In all cases it is not allowed to ratify any treaty that violates the constitution provisions of the Constitution, or results in relinquishment of any part of the territory of the State

Votes: : 48 votes agree – did not participate: 1 member.

Article (152): The President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, and do not declare war, nor sends armed forces in a combat mission outside the borders of the state, but after taking the opinion of the National Defense Council, and the approval of the House of Representatives by a majority of two-thirds of the members. If the House of Representatives is non-existent, the opinion of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces should be taken , and the approval of both the Ministers Council of Ministers and the National Defense Council.

Votes: 48 approval  – did not participate: 1 member.

Article (153): The President appoints civil employees, and military, and political representatives, and relieve them of their posts, and credence political representatives of the states and foreign bodies, according to the law.

Votes: 47 members approval – did not participate :  two members

Article (154): The President of the Republic declares the status of Emergency after taking the opinion of the Ministers Council, as regulated by the law. This declaration must be presented to the House of Representatives during the seven following days to decide what the council sees in its regard. If this declaration takes place in non-regular session, the council should be invited to convene immediately.

In All cases the majority of the council members should approve the state of emergency. And to be declared for a specified period not exceeding three months, and not extended but to another similar period with the approval of two-thirds of the members of the Council. If the Council does not exist, the issue should be presented to the Ministers Council for approval, to be presented to the new parliament in the first meeting. And the House of Representatives may not be dissolved during the validity of a state of emergency.

Votes: 48 members –  did not participate: 1 member.

Article (155): The President of the Republic May pardons a Punishment or reduces it, after taking the opinion of the Ministers Council. The full pardon may not be, but with a law and decided after the approval of the majority of the members of the House of Representatives.

Rating: 47 members – did not participate: 2.

Article (156): if it happened in non-regular session of the House of Representatives, what requires the acceleration in taking measures which can not be delayed, the president of the Republic calls the Council for an urgent convening in order to view the matter.

If the House of representatives does not exist, the President may issue laws decrees, to be presented and discussed and approved during the fifteen days from the the new council’s cession meeting. if not presented and discussed, or if submitted and not approved by the council, it is removed retroactively what it had of  power of law, without the need to issue a decision to do so, unless the Council approves the credence of its validity in the previous period, or settles what resulted of its effects.

Votes: 48 members agree – did not participate: 1.

Article (157): The President invites voters for a referendum on issues that relate to the supreme interests of the country, and not contrary to the provisions of the Constitution. And if the invitation for a referendum included more than one issue, the voting is on each and every one of them.

Votes: 47 agree –  did not participate: 2 members.

Article (158): The President submits his resignation to the House of Representatives, if the Council did not exist, he presents it to the General Assembly of the Supreme Constitutional Court.

Votes: 47 votes – did not participate: 2 members.

Article (159): The accusation of the president is by violating the provisions of the Constitution, or treason, or any other felony, based on the signed request by at least the majority of the parliament members. The indictment is not issued but by a majority of two-thirds of the members of the Council, and after an investigation by the General Attorney with the President, and if  he has hindrance, one of his deputies can replace him.

Once this decision is issued to stop the President of the Republic from his work,and this is considered a temporarily prohibitive that prevents him from the performance of his competences until a verdict is issue in the case.

The president is trialed before a special court headed by the Chief of the Supreme Judicial Court and the membership of the senior vice president of The Supreme Constitutional Court, and the Senior Deputy of the Vice President of the Council of State, and the senior two Chiefs of the appeal court.

The prosecutor handles the case in front of the Attorney General, and if one of them has hindrance, the one who replaces him is the one next in seniority, and the Court’s rulings are final and unappealable.

The law regulates  the procedures of investigation, trial, and if  the  President of the Republic is condemned, he is relieved of his position, without prejudice to other penalties.

Votes: 47 votes agree –  objection: 1 member –  did not participate: 1.

Article (160): If a temporary obstacle prevented the President of directing his authorities, the Prime Minister replaces him.

When the post of the President of the Republic is vacant due to resignation, death or permanent disability for work, the House of Representatives declare the presidency post’s vacancy. The declaration of the vacancy by a majority of  at least two thirds of the Members, if it was any other reason.

The House of Representatives notify the National Authority for the elections, and the Chief of the Parliament proceeds temporarily the authorities of the President. If the parliament does not exist, the General Assembly of the Supreme Constitutional Court and its president replaces the Parliament council and its president as stated.

In all cases, the new president must be elected in a period not exceeded ninety days from the date of the vacancy and the presidential period in this case from the date of the election’s result announcement.

The temporarily President doesn’t  run for this job’s candidacy, and not to ask to amend the Constitution, and not to replace the House of Representatives, and not to dismiss the government.

Votes: 47  approval –  did not participate: 3

Article (161): The House of Representatives may withdraw confidence from the President of the Republic, and conduct early presidential elections, based on a reasoned request and signed of at least by the majority of the members of the House of Representatives, and the approval of two-thirds of its members. This request May not presented t for the same reason during the presidential term, but only once.

Once the proposal to withdraw confidence is approved, the issue of confidence withdrawal from the president and running early presidential elections is posed for a referendum at the invitation of the Prime Minister. If confidence withdrawal approved by the majority’s decision, the president is exempted from his office and the post of the President of the Republic is vacant. And the early presidential elections run within sixty days from the date of announcement of the result of the referendum. If the result of the referendum rejected, the House of Representatives is dissolved, and the president of the Republic calls for the election of a new house of Representatives  within thirty days from the date of dissolution.

Votes: 42 approval – objecting: 5 –  abstention: 1

Article (162): if the post vacancy of the President of the Republic synchronizes with the referendum process, or election of the House of Representatives, precedence will be given to electing the president, and the Council continues until the completion of the election of the president.

Votes: 47 members agree –  abstentions: 1  Member.

Section II The Government

Article (163): The Government is the highest executive and administrative Institution in the State, and consists of the Prime Minister and his deputies, ministers and their deputies. The Prime Minister is the head of the government, and oversees its work, and guides it in the performance of its competences.

Votes: 48 votes approval – did not participate: 1 member.

Article (164): Whoever is appointed a Prime Minister, to be an Egyptian born to Egyptian parents, and not carry or his Wife citizenship of another country, and enjoys civil and political rights, and may served  in military service or got exempted by the law, and his age is not less than thirty-five years old in the date he is in charge of the post.

Whoever is appointed a member of the government, to be an Egyptian, enjoying civil and political rights that served military service or exempted by the law, age is 30 years old at least in the date he is in charge of the post.

May not be combined Membership of the government  and the membership of the House of Representatives, and if a house of representative member is appointed in the government, his seat in the house of representative is vacant from the date of his appointment in the government.

Votes: 45 members agree – Objection: 2 members – did not participate: 2 members.

Article (165): It is provided that the Prime Minister, and members of the Government to make the following Oath in front of the President of the Republic, before they take Office:”I swear by Almighty God to uphold the Republican system, to respect the Constitution and the law, and fully safeguard the interests of the people and to safeguard the country’s independence, unity and territorial integrity.”

Approval: 47 members agree –  did not participate: 2.

Article (166): The law determines the salary of the Prime Minister, and members of the Government, it is not allowed for any of them to receive any salary or other remuneration, it is not allowed to carry on throughout the duration of  their tenure, in particular, or through an intermediary, a freelancer profession, or a business, or financial, or industrial, not to buy, or rent any state funds, or any of the public law persons, or public sector companies, or public business sector, not to rent, or sell something of their money to them, nor should it be bartered, nor to enter into a contract with them, or the supply of, or contractor, or other.

It is void any of these behaviors. The Prime Minister and the members of the Government should provide financial disclosure when they take office, and when they leave, and in the end of each year, and publish the financial disclosure in the Official Newspaper.

If  any of them in particular or through mediation receive a gift of cash, or any other kind of gifts because of the post or the occasion of the post, the ownership of it goes to the State Treasury. All this as regulated by the law.

Votes: 48 members agree – did not participate: 1 member.

Article (167) The Government exercises In particular, the following functions:

1. Collaboration with the President of the Republic in the development of public policy of the state, and overseeing its implementation.

2. Maintaining the security of the homeland and the protection of citizens’ rights and interests of the state.

3. Guiding the work of ministries, agencies, public bodies and its affiliates, and coordination, and the follow-up.

4. Preparation of  laws draft and decisions.

5. Issuing administrative decisions according to the law, and follow up their implementation.

6. Preparation of the general draft plan for the state.

7. Prepare a draft of the state budget.

8. Contract loans, and granted them according to the provisions of the Constitution.

9. The implementation of laws.

Votes: 48 members approval – did not participate: 1 member

Article (168): The minister puts the policy of his ministry in coordination with the concerned authorities, and follow up their implementation, and guidance and control within the framework of the general policy of the state.

The senior management positions include for each ministry an undersecretary first, so as to ensure the achievement of institutional stability and raise the level of efficiency in the implementation of its policy.

Votes: 44 agree – objection: 2 members – did not participate: 3

Article (169): Any of the members of the government may address a statement in front of the House of Representatives, or one of its committees, about a subject that is included in his competence and he discusses his statement with the council or the Committee of this statement, and state what he sees about it.

Votes:  48  approval – did not participate: 1 member.

Article (170): Prime Minister issues the necessary regulations to implement the laws without disabling, or modification, or exemption from execution, and he may delegate others in issuing it, unless the law issues necessary regulations to implement it.

Votes:: 49 agree – consensus.

Article (171): Prime Minister issues necessary decisions for the construction of facilities and public interests and organization, after approval by the Council of  Ministers.

Votes: 42 agree – did not participate: 7 members.

Article (172): The Prime Ministers issues regulations control after approval by the Council of Ministers.

Votes:: 46 votes agree – did not participate: 3 members.

Article (173 ) Prime Minister and members of the government are subject to the general rules governing the procedures for the investigation and trial, in case of crimes committed during the exercise of their functions or because  their employments, leaving their posts or continue exercising their posts, does not preclude their prosecution.

And applied in accusing them of the crime of high treason , The provisions contained in Article 159 of the Constitution are applied on them, regarding crimes’s accusation of high treason.

Votes: 45 agree – objector: 1 member – did not participate: 3.

Article ( 174 ) If the Prime Minister resigns, he must submit a letter of resignation to the President of the Republic, and if one of the ministers presented his resignation, he should submit it to the Prime Minister .

Votes: 48 votes – did not participate: 1 member .

Section III Local Administration

Article ( 175 ): The State divides into administrative units enjoying legal personality including, the provinces, cities, villages  and may create other administrative units to have legal personality if the public interest requires so. Taking into account when creating or modifying or cancelling the border between local units, the economic and social conditions, all as regulated by law.

Approval: 48 approval – and 1 member did not vote.

Article (176 ): The State  guarantees support of  administration decentralization and financial and economic, and the law regulates the means to enable administrative units of  providing local facilities and its advancement, and well-managed, and determines the timetable for the transfer of powers and budgets to local unites administration.

Votes: Approval of 48 members – Did not vote: 1 member.

Article ( 177 ): The State ensures the provision of what local units need of scientific assistance, and technical, and administrative, and financial, and ensures equitable distribution of facilities, services, and resources, and approximates the levels of development, and the achievement of social justice between these units, as regulated by the law.

Votes: Approval: 48 votes – did not vote: 1 member.

Article (178 ): Local unites Have independent financial budgets, enters in its resources what the State allocates of resources, and taxes and fees of original and additional local nature, and applies the rules to its fees collection, and the followed procedures of the state funds collection. All this in a way that is organized by the law .

Votes: 47 approval – did not vote: 2 member.

Article ( 179 ): The law regulates the conditions and manner of the appointment or election of governors, and heads of other local administrative units, and define their competences.

Votes: approval : 47 votes – Objection: 1 – did not vote: 2 members.

Article ( 180 ): Each local unit elects a council by direct secret ballot  for a period of four years, and requires that the candidate is not less than the age of twenty-one years old. And the law regulates the other candidacy terms to run for elections and the election procedures.

Conditioned to allocate a quarter of the number of seats for young people under the age of thirty-five years old, and a quarter of the number for women, but the representation percentage of workers and peasants is not less than fifty percent of the total number of seats, and this percentage includes appropriate representation for Christians and people with disability.

And the local councils specialize in following up the implementation of the plan development, and monitor the various activities, and exercise controls on the executive authority, of suggestions, and addressing questions, and requests for briefings and interviews and others. And  the withdrawal of confidence from the heads of the local units, as regulated by the law. The law defines the terms of the other local units competences, and its financial resources and guarantees of its independence and its members.

Votes:: approval of 45 members – objection: 3 members – did not participate: 1 member.

Article (181 ): The resolutions issued by the local council in the frame of its competences, are final. And executive authority may not interfere in it, but to prevent the Council’s from overriding these limits, or damage to the public interest, or the interests of other local units councils.

When a dispute takes place over the competences of the local councils of villages or centers or cities, the local council of the governorate resolves it. In the case of the dispute over the competences of the governorates local councils, the general assembly of advisory and legislation of the state council resolves it,, as regulated by the law.

Votes: approval of 48 members –  did not participate: 1 vote.

Article ( 182 ): Each local council sets its budget and final accounts, as regulated by the law .

Votes: Approval by 48 members.

Article (183 ): The local councils may not be dissolved by a  comprehensive administrative procedure. The law regulates the way to dissolve any of them, and its re-election.

-Approval: Consensus

Chapter III The Judiciary Authority Section I ( General Provisions )

Article ( 184 ): The judiciary Authority is independent, handled by different kinds and levels of courts, and its issuance of  judgments in accordance with the law, and the law shows its competences, and interference in justice and courts cases affairs, is a crime no statute of  limitations.

Votes: 48 agree – did not participate: 1 member.

Article ( 185 ): Each entity, or judicial institution is based on its own affairs, and each has its own independent budget, debated by the House of Representatives of its full elements, and after approving its full elements, it gets inserted in the general budget of the State as a single figure, and it is consulted on the laws draft that are regulating its affairs.

Votes: 47 members agree  -  abstention: 1 member

Article ( 186 ): Judges are independent and can not be removed, no authority over them but the law, they are equal in rights and duties, and the law defines the conditions and procedures for their appointment, and secondment, and retirement, and regulates their accountability disciplinary, and may not be reassigned in whole or in part, except for entities and works prescribed by the law, and all this in order to preserve the independence of the judiciary and the judges and their impartiality, and prevent conflicts of interest. The Law defines the rights and duties and their prescribed safeguards.

Approval: 46 agree – objection: 2 members – abstention: 1 member.

Article (187 ): Courts hearings are public, unless the court decides its confidentiality in consideration of public order, or morality, and in all cases, the verdict is declared in open session.

Votes: 49  ” consensus ”

Section II

The judiciary and the public prosecution

Article ( 188 ): The judiciary is competent to adjudicates all disputes and crimes, except for what is specific to other judicial competency, and adjudicates without others in disputes relating to the affairs of its members, and its affairs are administrated by highest council and the law regulates its composition and competences.

Votes: 49 agree  ” consensus ”

Article ( 189 ): The Public Prosecution is an integral part of the judiciary, conducting the investigation, and moves and directs the criminal case except what is exempted by the law, the law defines the terms of its other competences .

And The Public Prosecution General Attorney is chosen by the Supreme Judicial Council, from among the Vice Presidents of the Cassation Court, or heads of courts of appeal, or prosecutors assistants, and he is appointed by a decision from the President of the Republic for a period of four years, or for the remaining period until he reaches the age of retirement, whichever is earlier, but only once throughout the duration of his work.

Votes: 49 members agree, ” consensus ”

Section III The State Judiciary Council

Article ( 190 ) The State Council is an independent judiciary entity, adjudicates without others in administrative disputes, and disputes execution on all its provisions, as well as the adjudicate of lawsuits and disciplinary appeals, and handles alone the advisory opinion shall alone in legal matters determined by the law, and reviewing and drafting law projects and resolutions which have legislative description, and Review projects contracts which the state or one of the public bodies is a party in it, and the law defines its other competences.

Votes: 41 agree – objecting : 7 member  -  abstention: 1 member

Section IV

The Supreme Constitutional Court

Article ( 191 ): The Supreme Constitutional Court is a judicial independent body, stand-alone, based in the city of Cairo, and may if necessary to be held anywhere else in the country, with the approval of the court’s General Assembly of the Court, and have an independent budget, its full elements are debated by the House of Representatives, it gets inserted in the general budget of the State as a single figure, and the General Assembly is based on its own affairs, and it is consulted on the laws draft that are regulating the affairs of the court.

Votes:  47 members –  objection: 2 members.

Article ( 192 ): The Supreme Constitutional Court handles without others, the judicial control on the constitutionality of the laws, regulations, and the interpretation of legislative texts, and the settlement of  disputes relating to its members affairs, and in the conflict of jurisdiction competency between the judicial bodies, and bodies that have jurisdiction’s competence, and the adjudicate in the conflict which is based on the implementation of  Two final contradictory judgments, one of them is issued by any side of  the judicial sides, or body of competent jurisdiction, and the other is from another side of it, and disputes relating to the implementation of its provisions, and decisions issued by them.

The law determines the other competences of the court, and regulates the procedures to be followed before the court.

Approval: 49 members agree ” consensus ”

Article ( 193 ): The court Constitutes of the head of the court, and sufficient number of Vice-President. And the Commissioners authority in the Court is formed of a president and a sufficient number of presidents in the Authority, consultants, advisers and advisers assistants.

And the General Assembly chooses the President of the Court from among the oldest of three Vice-President of the Court, and chooses Vice-Presidents, and commissioners member, and they get appointed by a decision from the President of the Republic, all as set forth by the law. Votes: 48 agree  – objection: 1 member.

Article ( 194 ): President and Vice-President of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the President and members and Commissioners, are independent and not be removed , nor there is any authority over them but the law, and the law prescribes the conditions required of them, and the court is held accountable for their disciplinary questioning in the manner prescribed by the law, and applies with respect to them all the rights and the duties and prescribed guarantees to members of the judiciary Authority.

Votes: 49 agree, ” consensus “.

Article ( 195 ): The  judgments and the decisions issued by the Supreme Constitutional Court are Published in the Official Newspaper, and they are binding on all and on all state’s authorities and have absolute authoritative for them.

The law regulates the consequences on the judgment regarding the unconstitutionality of legislative’s text effects.

Votes: 49 agree, ” consensus ”

Section V

Judicial bodies

Article ( 196 ): The cases of the State are independent judicial body, acting on behalf of the State in raising lawsuits cases by the state or on the state, and in the proposal of amicably settlement at any stage of the litigation, and Technical Supervision on departments of Legal Affairs in the administrative body of the state for undertaken by litigation, and it formulates drafts contracts which are referred to it by the administrative authorities and the state is a party in it, and all of this as regulated by the law.

The law defines its other competences, and its members have all the guarantees and the rights and the duties decided to the members of the judiciary authority, the law regulates their disciplinary accountability.

Votes: 42 members –  abstentions: 3 – did not participate: 4 members.

Article ( 197 ): The Administrative Prosecution is an independent judicial body, It investigates financial and administrative irregularities, and those referred to it. and regarding these irregularities, it has the vested authorities in the administration body to inflict disciplinary penalties, and Challenging its decisions takes place before the competent disciplinary court at the State Council. It also initiates and conducts proceedings and disciplinary appeals before the State Council courts, all this in accordance with the law.

The law determines all its other competences, and its members have guarantees and rights and duties assigned to members of the judiciary and the law organizes their disciplinary accountability.

Votes: 42 members agree – abstentions: 4 members – objection: 2 members – did not participate: 2 members.

Section VI

Attorney

Article (198 ): The Law Practice is a free profession, participates with the judiciary authority in achieving Justice and the rule of law, and to ensure the right of defense, and the lawyer practices the attorney independently, as well as lawyers of bodies and public sector companies and public business sector. The lawyers all together enjoy during practicing the defense right before the courts, guarantees and protection which have been decided to them in the law that also apply to them before investigation bodies and trial authorities.

Except in cases of flagrante delicto, it is prohibited to arrest or to detain the lawyer while exercising his right of defense, and all this as prescribed by the law.

Approval: 37 agree  -  abstention: 6 members  – objection: 5 members.

Section VII Experts Article ( 199 )

Judicial experts, and forensic experts, and notary public are independent in the performance of their work, and enjoy the guarantees and protection required for the performance of their work, as regulated by the law.

Votes: 45 agree –  abstention: 2 members – objection: 2 members

Chapter IV Armed Forces and Police

The first section ( The Armed Forces )

Article ( 200 ): The Armed forces belong to the people, its mission to protect the country and preserve its security and territorial integrity, and the state alone creates these forces, and it is prohibited that any individual or body or group to create forms or groups or  military or paramilitary organizations. And the Armed forces have a higher council, as regulated by the law.

Votes on the above article out of 50 members:  49 members agree, Approval: consensus.

Article ( 201 ): The Minister of Defense is the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, appointed among its officers.

Votes on this article out of 50 members: 47 votes agree – Abstention: 1 – objection: 1.

Article (202): The law regulates the public mobilization, and shows the conditions of service, promotion and retirement in the Armed forces. The competent judicial committees for officers and individuals of the armed forces, without others, to adjudicate all administrative disputes which concern the decisions issued in their regards, and the law regulates the rules and procedures of appeal against the decisions of these committees.

Votes on this article out of 50 members: 49 agree   – ” consensus ”

Section II

National Defense Council

Article ( 203 )

The National Defense Council  is created by the President of the Republic, the membership of the Prime Minister,the President of the House of Representatives, and the Ministers of,  defense, foreign affairs, finance, interior, and the head of the General Intelligence Service, and the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, and the leaders of the Navy, and the Air Defense, and the chief of operations body of armed forces and the director of military intelligence.

The council’s competences are related to private affairs means to secure the country, and its safety, and to discuss the budget of the armed forces, and to be included as a single figure in the state general budget, and the Council’s opinion is taken in the draft laws relating to the armed forces. The law defines its other competences.

When discussing the budget, it includes the chief of financial affairs body of the armed forces, the two Presidents of the Plan and Budget Committees and Defense and National Security Council in the Egyptian Parliament.

The President of the Republic calls who he sees among relevant expertise and experts to attend the meeting of the council without having a countable vote.

Votes out of 50 members:  48 members agree –  objector: 1

Section III Military court

Article ( 204 )

Military Judiciary is independent judiciary body, Specialized without the others, to adjudicate in all crimes related to the Armed Forces and its officers and personnel and the like, and crimes committed by members of the General Intelligence while or because of the service.

It is Prohibited to trial any civilian in front of the Military Judiciary, except in the crimes that represent a direct assault on military establishments or camps of the armed forces or the like, or military areas or planned borders as well, or military equipment or vehicles or weapons or ammunition, or documents or military secrets or military public funds or military factories, or crimes related to recruitment, or crimes that represent a direct assault against its officers or its individuals because of performing their  jobs .

The law defines such crimes, and clarifies other competences of military judiciary. And members of the Military Judiciary are independent can not be dismissed, and  they may have all the guarantees, rights and decided duties of members of the  judiciary Authority.

Votes out of 50 members: 41 votes approved –  Objection : 6 – Abstention: 1

Section IV

National Security Council

Article ( 205 )

The National Security Council is created and presided by the President of the Republic, and the membership of the Prime Minister and the President of the House of Representatives, and the ministers of defense, interior, and foreign affairs, finance,  justice, health, communications, education, and the head of the General Intelligence, and the President of the Committee on Defense and National Security of the Council of Representatives.

The council is competent in deciding strategies to achieve the security of the country, and disasters of all kinds, and crises of all kinds , and take action to contain it, and identify the sources of danger to Egyptian national security inside and outside , and proceedures needed to address them on both official and popular levels .

The Council may invite whoever is seen as relevant expertise and competent  to attend its meetings without having their votes counted. The law determines its other competences and and its work system.

Votes: 48 agree  – did not participate: 1 member.

Section V

Police

Article ( 206 ): The police is a civil statutory body, in the service of the people, and their loyalty to the people, and ensures citizens trust and security and ensures the preservation of public order and public morality, and it is committed to the obligations applied on it by the law and the constitution in doing their duties, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the State guarantees the performance of the members of the police regarding their duties, and organizes law guarantees to ensure this.

Votes: : 47 votes  approval – did not participate: 3 members.

Article ( 207 ): The Supreme Police Council is formed from among the most senior officers of the police force body, and the competent Chief of the advisory opinion in the State Council, The Council is competent in assisting the Minister of Interior in organizing the police body and manages the affairs of its members. The law defines Its other competences, and its opinion is consulted in any laws in relation to it.

Votes: 48 votes – did not participate: 1  member. Chapter V

The National Commission for Elections

Article ( 208 )

The National Commission for the election is an independent body, specializes without others in managing referendums and presidential elections, and parliamentary, and local, starting from preparing a data base for voters and its updating, and proposes constituencies division, and determines controls of publicity and funding, and electoral expenditure and its announcement, and its supervision, and to facilitate the voting procedures of Egyptians living abroad, and other procedures until the announcement of the result. All of this is as regulated by the law.

Votes: approval of 47 members objection: 1 member – did not participate: 1 member.

Article ( 209 ): The management of the National Elections body is administrated by a council composed of ten members equally seconded among  the Vice-Presidents of the Court of Cassation, and the heads of the courts of appeal, and the Vice-Chairman of the State council, and the State Litigation Authority, and the Administrative Prosecution, selected by the Supreme Judicial Council, and the private councils of commissions and judicial authorities advanced as the case, without its members. They are appointed by the decision of the President of the Republic. And they are entirely assigned to work in the authority for one term of six years, and it is chaired by the oldest members of the Court of Cassation. And half of the council’s members are replaced every three years .

The Commission may seek the assistance of those who are seen as public independent figures, specialists, and relevant expertise in the field of elections without the right to vote. The Commission has a permanent executive body defines the law and its composition, and the operating system, and the rights and duties of its members and their guarantees, so as to achieve their neutrality, independence and impartiality.

Votes: Approval: 48 votes – without objection or abstention  – only one member didn’t vote.

Article ( 210 ): The management of the polling, counting in referendums and elections are managed by affiliated members of the commission under the supervision of its Board council, and it may use the assistance of the members of the judicial bodies.

The polling and counting in the elections and referendums running in the following ten years to the date of this Constitution becomes effective, under the full supervision of the members and judicial bodies, and as set out by the the law.

The Supreme Administrative Court is competent to adjudicates challenges against the Commission’s decisions relating to the referendums, presidential elections and parliamentary elections and their results. Challenges against local elections to be filed before the Administrative judicial Court. The law defines dates to file challenges against these decisions provided that it will be finally adjudicated within ten days from the date of filing the challenges.

Votes: 48 members approved without objections or abstention – only one member did not vote.

Chapter VI

The Supreme Council for the Media

Article ( 211 ): The Supreme Council for the organization of the media is an independent body with legal personality and it is technically, financially and administratively independent,  and its budget is independent.

The Council organizes the affairs of audiovisual media, and regulation of the printed press, digital, and others.

The council is responsible for ensuring the protection of freedom of the press and media prescribed by the constitution, and to preserve its independence and neutrality and pluralism and diversity and to prevent monopolistic practices, and monitor the safety of funding sources of press and media institutions, and put controls and necessary standards to ensure that the press and media are committed to the profession ethics and moralities, and the requirements of national security, and as prescribed by the law .

The law defines the formation of the Council, and the work system, and functional conditions of its workers. The Council is to be consulted in the laws drafts, and the regulations related to its work field.

Votes: approval of 47 members – objected: 1 member – did not vote: 1 member.

Article (212): The National Commission of the Press is an independent body, it is based on journalistic institutions management owned by the state, and to develop it and to develop its assets, and to ensure its modernization and its independence, and its impartiality commitment, and its commitment to the professional performance, and administrative, and economic standards.

The law determines the formation of it, and the system work, and functional conditions of their workers. And it is consulted in the laws drafts, and the regulations related to its work field.

Votes: Approval by 45 votes – did not vote: 3 members.

Article ( 213 ): The National Media Association is independent. It manages television, radio and digital media outlets owned by the State, and undertakes their development and their assets, and ensures their independence and neutrality and their commitment to the professional performance and administrative and economic standards. The law determines the composition of the association and its operating system and the conditions of employment for its staff. And the association is consulted in the laws drafts, and regulations related to its work field.

Votes: approval by 45 votes – did not participate: 3 members – abstention: 1 member. Chapter VII

National Councils

And independent bodies and regulatory bodies

The first section ( The National Councils )

Article ( 214 ): The law defines the independent national councils, including the National Council for Human Rights, the National Council for Women and the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood, and the National Council for Persons with Disabilities, and the law shows how to form each of them, and its terms competences, and guarantees of independence and neutrality of its members, and has the right to inform the public authorities about any violation relates to their work field.

And these councils enjoy legal personality and technical, financial and administrative independence, and they are consulted on laws drafts and regulations which relates to them and their work fields.

Votes: 43 voice approval – objection: 3 members – and did not participate : 3 members.

Section II

Independent  Bodies and Regulatory Agencies

Article ( 215 ): The law defines independent bodies and regulatory agencies. And these bodies and agencies enjoy legal personality, and technical , financial and administrative  independence, and consulted on the draft laws, and regulations related to their work field. Among these bodies and agencies is the Central Bank and the General Authority for Financial Control, and the Central Auditing Organization, the Administrative Control Authority .

Votes: approval of  47  members – did not vote: 2 members.

Article ( 216 ): For the creation of each independent body or regulatory agency, a law is issued defining its competencies, regulating its work and stipulating guarantees for its independence and the necessary protection for its employees and the rest of their employments conditions, to ensure their neutrality and independence.

The President of the Republic appoints the heads of independent bodies and regulatory agencies upon the approval of the House of Representatives with a majority of its members for a period of four years, for renewable once. They are not relieved from their posts except in cases defined by the law. The prohibitions applied to them are the same that are applicable on the ministers.

Votes: approval of 46 members – did not vote: 3 members.

Article ( 217 ): The independent bodies and the regulatory agencies, provide annual reports to the President of the Republic and the House of Representatives, and the President of the Ministers Council, once they are issued.

The House of Representatives consider these annual reports and take appropriate action on towards them in a period not exceeding four months from the receiving date and publish these annual reports for the public opinion.

The independent bodies and regulatory agencies inform the competent investigation authorities of what they may discover as violations or crimes and they take the necessary measures regarding these reports within a specified period, and this is in accordance with the provisions of the law.

Votes: approval of 48 members- did not vote: 1 member.

Article ( 218 ): The state is committed to fight corruption, and the law specifies independent bodies and regulatory Agencies competent to do so.

Competent oversight bodies and agencies are committed to coordinate with one another in fighting corruption, and enhancing the values of impartiality and transparency in order to ensure the good performance of public functions and to preserve public funds, and to implement and follow up on the national strategy for fighting corruption in collaboration with other competent control concerned bodies and agencies, and this in the manner organized by the law.

Approval: 44 members agree – objection: 2 members – abstention: 1 member – did not vote: 2 members.

Article ( 219 ): The Central Auditing is competent of oversight of state funds, and public legal persons, and other bodies determined by the law, and monitor the implementation of the state general budget and the independent budgets, and review its final accounts.

Approval: 45 members agree – abstentions: 2 – did not vote: 2 members.

Article ( 220 ): The Central Bank is competent of putting cash and credits and banks policies, and supervise its implementation, and monitor the performance of the banking system, and the central bank is exclusively entitled to issue banknotes, and works on the monetary and banking system’s safety, and the stability of prices within the general political and economical framework of the state, as regulated by the law.

Approval: approved by 46 votes  – did not vote: 3 members.

Article ( 221 ) The financial supervisory authority is Specialized of monitoring and supervising the markets and non-banking financial tools, including capital markets and futures exchanges stock markets, and insurance activities, and real estate funding , financial leasing, factoring and securitization, and all this as organized by the law.

Approval: approval by 44 votes – did not vote: 5 members.

Part VI General provisions and transitional

Chapter I ( general provisions )

Article ( 222 ): The city of Cairo is the capital of  Egypt.

Votes: 48 votes approval – did not participate: 1 member.

Article ( 223 ): The national flag of the Arab Republic of Egypt is composed of three colors which are black, white, red, and has an eagle taken from the “eagle of Saladin” painted with a golden yellow, and the law defines the emblem of the Republic, and decorations, and insignia, and seal, and the national anthem. And insulting the Egyptian flag is a crime punishable by the law.

Votes: approval by 47 votes – did not participate: 2 members.

Article ( 224 ): All provisions of laws and regulations prior to the issuance of the Constitution, remain in power, and not to be modified, or cancelled except in accordance with the rules and procedures prescribed in the Constitution. The State is committed to issue laws implementing the provisions of this Constitution.

Approval: 48 agree  – did not participate: 1 member.

Article ( 225 ) : The Laws are published in the Official newspaper within fifteen days from the date of the laws issuance , and work out after thirty days from the following day of the publication date, unless another date is specified. The Provisions of the laws apply only from the date they are being workable with. However, it may be in other than criminal or taxes related matters, the text in the law is opposite to this, with approval of majority of two-third of the house or representatives members.

-Votes: 47 votes approval –  abstention: 1 member.

Article ( 226 ): The President of the Republic, or one-fifth of the members of the House of Representatives, may request to amend an article, or more from the Constitution’s article, and the request must state the articles to be amended, and the reasons for the amendment.

In all cases, the House of Representatives  discuss the amendment request within thirty days from the date of receipt, the council issue its decision to accept the request in whole, or in partially by the majority of its members.

If the application is rejected, the request may not be repeated again with the same articles amendments request  before the term of the next session, and if the council approve the amendment request, the council discuss the articles texts to be amended after sixty days from the date of approval, if the modification is approved by two-thirds of the members of the Council, it is presented to the people for  referendum during the thirty days from the date of issuance of this approval, the amendment is effective from the date of  the result announcement, and the approval of a majority of the valid votes the participants in the referendum.

In all cases, the texts of re-electing the President, or the freedom’s principles or equality may not be amended, unless the amendment relates to more guarantees .

Approval: 42 agree – objected: 4 members -abstention: 1 member – did not participate: 1 member.

Article ( 227 ): The Constitution and its preamble and all its texts form a well-knit fabric that is non-divisible and its provisions are integrated in one coherent unit.

Votes:: 46 agree – abstention: 3 – did not participate: 1 member.

Chapter II Transitional Provisions

Article ( 228 ): The Supreme Committee for Elections, and the Committee of the presidential elections existing at the date of this constitution being workable, the full supervision on the first legislative elections and next presidential elections to work with, The funds of both committees is reverted to the National Commission for elections as soon as it is formed.

Votes: 47 members agree out of the total of 49 members

Article ( 229 ): The House of Representatives elections to follow the date of this constitution when it becomes to effect, according to the provisions of article 102 of the current constitution

Votes:: 27 votes agreeing –  objection: 18 – declined: 3

Article ( 230 ): The presidential elections and the house of representatives elections to proceed according to the law, the first elections to proceed within a period not less than 30 days and does not exceed 90 days from the date this constitution becomes in effect and in all cases the second elections to proceed within 6 month from the date this constitution is being in effect.

The presidential elections procedures begin within max thirty days from the first cession of the House of Representatives.

Votes: approved: 12 members – objected: 33 – did not vote: 13

Article ( 231 ): The term of the presidency following the work of this Constitution from the date of elections final result’s announcement.

Approval: 45 agree

Article ( 232 ): The Interim President continues to exercise the authorities stipulated for the president in the constitution until the elected president make the constitutional oath.

Approval: 47 agree  – objector: 1 – did not participate: 1 member.

Article ( 233 ): If a temporary obstacle directly prevent the Interim President of exercising his authorities, the Prime Minister replaces him. When the post of the Interim President becomes vacant, for  resignation, death or permanent disability from work, or for any other reason, the most senior Vice-President of the Supreme Constitutional Court replaces him by the same authorities.

-Votes:: 47 agree – objector: 1- did not participate: 1 member. Article 234: The Appointment of the Ministry of Defense takes place after the approval of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, and the provisions of this Article is applied to full two presidential terms as of the date of the constitution becomes in effect.

Approval: 43 agree  – objector: 1 member – abstention: 2 members.

Article ( 235 ): The Parliament issues in its first cession role after this Constitution becomes workable, a law to regulate the construction and renovation of churches, so as to ensure the freedom of Christians to practice their religious rites .

Approval: 42 agree – did not vote: 2 – objected: 2

Article ( 236 ): The State ensures putting and executing a plan for the economy development and the overall urban border areas and disadvantaged areas, including upper Egypt, Sinai, Matrouh, of the Nubian areas, and this with the participation of people in development projects and the priority to take advantage of these projects, taking into account the cultural patterns and environmental impacts of the local community, within ten years from the date of this Constitution becomes in effect, and this as regulated by law.

The State is working to develop and implement projects to restore the population of the Nubia to their areas of origin and its development within ten years, so as regulated by the law .

-Approval : 41 agree – did not vote: 2 members – Objected: 2 members.

Article ( 237 ): The state is committed to confront terrorism in all its forms and types, and track sources of funding as a threat to the homeland and citizens, with guarantees of the rights and public freedoms, according to a specific timetable. The law regulates the provisions and procedures in fighting against terrorism and the fair compensation for the damage caused from it and because of it.

Votes: 40 votes  – refused: 7 members – did not participate: 2 members.

Article (238): The State guarantees the implementation of its commitment to allocate the minimum rates of government spending on education, higher education, health and scientific research prescribed in this Constitution gradually as of the constitutions effective date, It shall be fully committed to it in the state budget of the fiscal year 2016/2017.

The state is committed to provide compulsory education until the completion of the secondary stage in a gradually to be completed in the school year 2016/2017.

Approval: 42 votes – objected: 2 members – abstention : 2 members

Article ( 239 ): The House Of Representatives issue a law to organize the rules of the assignment of judges and members of the authorities and judicial bodies, to ensure the abolition of the total and partial delegation of non- judicial bodies or committees of jurisdiction or for the Administration of Justice affairs or the supervision of elections, and this within a period not exceeding five years from the date of this Constitution becomes effected.

Approval: 45 agree – objected: 2 members – did not participate: 3 members.

Article ( 240 ): The State ensures the provision of material and human resources related to the resumption of the provisions of judgments in criminal courts, and this within ten years from the date of this Constitution becomes effected, as organized by the law.

Approval: 46 approval

Article ( 241 ): The House of Representatives is committed in his first role after this Constitution becomes in effect, to issue a law to ensure transitional justice to uncover the truth, and accountability, and suggests frameworks for national reconciliation, and to compensate the victims, in accordance with international standards.

Votesl: 43 approval

Article ( 242 ): Works continue with the existing system of local administration, till the system stipulated in the constitution is applied gradually within five years from its effective date, and without prejudice to the provisions of Article (181 ) of this Constitution.

Votes: 46 approval – did not vote: 1 member – objected: 1 members.

Article ( 243 ): The State works on representing the labors and peasants appropriately in the first elected  Deputies Council after this constitution is adopted, so as prescribed by the law.

Votes:  approved 33 votes  – objection: 13 members – abstention 2 members

Article (244): The State works to represent the youth and Christians and persons with disabilities and Egyptian living abroad appropriately in the first elected Deputies Council after this constitution is adopted, so as prescribed by the law.

Votes: approved by 27 members – objected : 18 members – abstention: 2 members.

Article ( 245 ): The Shura Council workers who are in service in the date of this constitution becomes workable, to be moved to the house of  Representatives, with their same degrees, and their seniority which they occupy at that date, their salaries to be kept, allowances, bonuses, and other financial rights prescribed to them in personal capacity, and and funds of the Shura Council is fully reverted to the House of Representatives.

Votes: 49 approved consensus

Article ( 246 ): The Constitutional Declaration issued on the sixth of July 2013 , and the Constitutional Declaration issued on the eighth of July 2013 , and any constitutional texts or provisions contained in the Constitution of 2012 and was not included in this constitutional document is considered void from the date it became workable , and remain in force what resulted as their consequent effects.

Votes: 47 members  – did not participate: 3 members.

Article ( 247 ): This constitutional document is workable from the date of the announcement by the consent of the people in the referendum, and a majority of the number of valid votes for the participants.

Votes: 49 approved consensus.

The source of this article: The final draft of year 2013 Egyptian Constitution amendments issued and approved by the fifty comitee published on Youm7 Newspaper dated December 1, 2013.

http://www.emannabih.com/english-translation-of-the-egyptian-constitution-2013-long-live-egypt/

One can’t argue with her comments though it appears that the blame has shifted to all of the USA rather than just Obama and his administration. Sisi is proving himself quite brilliant here, and even Machiavellian. I haven’t seen the evidence of Sisi protecting the Copts yet – though he’s verbalized rebuilding the Churches which were destroyed.

I read the translation, and while a huge improvement over the Muslim Brotherhood’s Islamic rantings though I wouldn’t like to live under it. I think it will bring misery and another revolution. I admire the people of Egypt and their determination and wish them nothing but good will.

UPDATE: I’ve been notified by the author of the translation above that she’s made corrections to better understand – see comment. Please click to her blog rather than reading the old version here. Thanks.

PS: I thought this current translation just fine but will check on Eman’s blog later myself.  I don’t usually approve any comments on my blog but making a temporary exception in this case.


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One Christian is killed every 11 minutes: UK Parliament told

December 6, 2013, 9:14 pm
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4 December 2013

Parliament_at_Sunsetx

UK government urged to show serious concern over persecution of Christians

Back bench MPs speak out after dismissive remark in House of Commons from Mark Simmonds, Under Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

Backbench MPs reacted with anger as a foreign office minister tried to play down the persecution of Christians during an ‘impassioned debate’ on the subject in the House of Commons.

During a debate in parliament yesterday calling on the UK government ‘to do more both in its foreign policy and through its aid work to defend and support people of Christian faith,’ MPs accused frontbenchers of trying to widen it to a general discussion of human rights.

bombing-church-burning

Following remarks from Mark Simmonds, Under Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, that ‘we should not be standing up for our co-religionists or Christians in particular,’ Tony Baldry, MP for Banbury, stressed that the precarious situation of 200 million Christians required a definite response from government.

“There is a risk of the foreign office not appreciating the real growing concern about the global persecution of Christians,” Mr Baldry said.

Sammy Wilson, MP for East Antrim, detailed some of the problems facing Christians around the world, as he expressed disappointment with the response from the front benches.

“Within the last month, hundreds of people, from Nigeria to Eritrea to Kazakhstan to China, have been arrested and put in prison simply because of their faith, and when they go into prison they are denied due process,” Mr Wilson said.

“They are denied access to lawyers, they are sometimes even denied knowledge of the charges facing them, they can languish in prison for a long time and in horrible conditions.

“Any other overseas problem on that scale would have been a priority for the foreign office, yet the minister and the opposition front bench spokesman attempted to widen this topic rather than to zone in on the real issue—which is this is a particular group of people who are being persecuted.”

Shadow foreign office minister Kerry McCarthy had also broadened the debate to include other groups whose human rights are being denied.

“I do not think that we should start carving up human rights by saying that some abuses are worse than others,” she said. “That would be entirely wrong, because there are countries in which people of other faiths are being persecuted and killed, and we see persecution when we look at violence against women and attacks on LGBT communities.”

Complaining that he did not ‘detect a sense of burning anger about what is happening to Christians’ in the foreign office speech, Edward Leigh, MP for Gainsborough, went on to say MPs should ‘be angry about any persecution of any religion’—but stressed that the overwhelming number of human right violations are directed at Christians.

Responding to the speeches of his fellow parliamentarians, Mr Simmonds called it an ‘impassioned debate outlining many of the horrors and persecutions suffered by Christians around the world.’

The debate, which closed with the house adopting the motion, was informed by research from various bodies, including Catholic charity Aid to the Church in Need’s recent Persecuted and Forgotten? report, which was cited by Angie Bray, MP for Ealing Central and Acton.

Nigel Dodds, MP for Belfast North, said: “I pay tribute to the organisations that are doing their level best to highlight what is going on. Open Doors, Christian Solidarity Worldwide, the Barnabas Fund and Aid to the Church in Need are just some of the organisations that highlight the persecution of Christians.”

http://www.acnuk.org/

 

One Christian is killed every 11 minutes: UK Parliament told

5 December 2013

The plight of Christians around the world was discussed in a three-hour debate at the Houses of Parliament in London yesterday.

Members of the House of Commons were told that the persecution of Christians is increasing, that one Christian is killed around every 11 minutes around the world, and that Christianity is the “most persecuted religion globally”.

A long list of countries in which life as a Christian is most difficult was discussed, including Syria, North Korea, Eritrea, Nigeria, Iraq and Egypt.

http://news.ph.msn.com/top-stories/gunmen-kill-3-people-outside-cairo-church-4

MP Jim Shannon said the persecution of Christians is “the biggest story in the world that has never been told”.

He said that although the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, there are many countries in which these rights are not given.

Shannon alleged that 200 million Christians will be persecuted for their faith this year, while he said that 500 million live in “dangerous neighbourhoods”.

He added that in Syria Christians are “caught between opposing sides in the conflict”, and mentioned the “specific targeting” of Christian-dominated locations, such as Sadad and Maaloula.

MP Sammy Wilson said that in Syria, “50,000 Christians have been cleared from the city of Homs”, while in Sudan two million Christians were killed by the regime over a 30-year period.

He added: “Within the last month, hundreds of people, from Nigeria to Eritrea to Kazakhstan to China, have been arrested and put in prison simply because of their faith, and when they go into prison they are denied due process. They are denied access to lawyers. They are sometimes even denied knowledge of the charges facing them. They can languish in prison for a long time and in horrible conditions… This is not only happening in Muslim countries. From Morocco to Pakistan, Christians in Muslim countries are under threat, but it happens elsewhere too.”

Destroyed and burned out homes of Christians in Africa

The recent comments of Baroness Warsi at a lecture in Washington were echoed, including her assertion that “the parts of the world where Christianity first spread is now seeing large sections of the Christian community leaving, and those that are remaining feeling persecuted”.

MP Nigel Dodds said that the “persecution of Christians is not new”, but that it is “staggering” how many Christians are killed today.

“Here’s what the “arab spring” has wrought in Egypt. A place where daily the President of the United States called for the resignation of Hosni Mubarak, yet when Mubarek was head of the Egyptian government Christians were not being hunted down, tortured, killed, and hung to die on street lights.”

Boko-Harum massacre Christians at Maspero

In Iraq, he noted the words of Canon Andrew White, who had said that Christians are “frightened even to walk to church because they might come under attack. All the churches are targets… We used to have 1.5 million Christians, now we have probably only 200,000 left… There are more Iraqi Christians in Chicago than there are here”.

Sir Edward Leigh said the remaining number of Christians in Iraq was likely to be closer to 600,000, but that this was still a shocking figure and that “things have become much worse since the invasion”.

MP Rehman Chishti said: “I come from a Muslim background, and my father was an imam… I know it is absolutely right and proper to have a debate on the subject”. He called the persecution  “completely and utterly unacceptable” and “a very sad state of affairs”.

He also quoted his “good friend” the former Bishop of Rochester, Michael Nazir-Ali: “He told me that the persecution of Christians was taking place in more than 130 of the 190 countries in the world at the moment”.

 

“Two men who were discovered to be Christians in Iran”

During the debate, the oppression experienced by Christians in China and Malaysia were also highlighted and outlined. As the British Prime Minister is currently in China, MP David Rutley raised the issue of the sizeable Christian community in China, and asked about the potential establishment of a deeper inter-faith dialogue to engage the Chinese authorities with Christian groups.

Meanwhile, a UK-based organisation has claimed that the number of countries posing an extreme risk to the human rights of their populations has risen by 70 per cent in the past five years.

Risk analysis company Maplecroft (which researched 197 countries for its annual Human Rights Risk Atlas 2014) says that since 2008 the number has risen steeply from 20 to 34, predominantly comprised of countries in the Middle East and Africa.

Syria tops the list, followed by Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Pakistan, Somalia, Afghanistan and Iraq.

http://au.christiantoday.com/article/one-christian-is-killed-every-11-minutes-uk-parliament-told/16583.htm

One could post almost an endless array of photographic images of Christians in various places around the world being persecuted for the name of Jesus Christ and having faith in the Lord. Many images so gruesome people do not want to confront and know they happen. Denial. Refusing the truth. And the slaughter goes on ad infinidum.


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Muslim Persecution of Christians: July, 2012

December 6, 2013, 9:50 pm
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by Raymond Ibrahim
August 31, 2012

Several reports appearing in July indicate that Christian minorities all around the Muslim world—especially women and children—are being abducted, tortured, raped, forced to convert to Islam, and/or enslaved. In Egypt, at least 550 such cases have been documented in the last five years, and have only increased since the revolution. Christians who manage to escape back to their families often find the government siding with the Muslim abductors. One young mother who recently testified before the Helsinki Commission explained how she was snatched in broad daylight, as her abductor shouted to bystanders while dragging her to a waiting taxi, “No one interfere! She is an enemy of Islam.”

Identical reports are emerging from Pakistan, where “persecution, kidnapping and abduction of Christian women and girls,” including many married women with children, are on the rise. Last year the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) said that 1800 Christian and Hindu girls were forcibly converted to Islam. Most recently, the sister of a pastor was “kidnapped raped and forcibly converted to Islam.” She “was kidnapped around a month ago by some Muslim men while returning home from college. She was held for days, suffered sexual abuse, threats and violence. In such a state of terror and exhaustion, first she was coerced into converting to Islam, and then marriage. Her family reported the incident to the police station in Chunian, but no investigations have been conducted and instead her abductors have presented a report to the court attesting to the girl now being Muslim and legally married. Among other things, the girl is a minor and, according to the law, marriage is not permitted to minors.”

The tiny Palestinian Christian community in the Hamas-run Gaza strip is also under siege, and charges that five Christians were abducted and pressured into converting to Islam. Because they made this forced conversion charge known, “members of the Christian community now fear reprisal attacks by Muslim extremists.” Some have appealed to the Vatican and Christian groups and churches in the West for help. Yet “we only hear voices telling us to stay where we are and to stop making too much noise,” said a Christian man living in Gaza City. “If they continue to turn a blind eye to our tragedy, in a few months there will be no Christians left in Palestine. Today it’s happening in the Gaza Strip, tomorrow it will take place in Bethlehem.”

Categorized by theme, July’s assemblage of Muslim persecution of Christians around the world includes (but is not limited to) the following accounts, listed in alphabetical order by country, not severity.

Church Attacks

Indonesia: Muslim protesters forced a church to shut down during a Sunday worship on claims that it was operating without a permit, and hung a banner on the church’s gate reading “We the people … hardily reject the use of this building … for religious activities.” The church’s committee secretary said the church has the necessarily permits to hold services,” yet “the majority of the people still reject the church’s activity.”

Iran: Both the Central Assembly of God Church in Tehran and its summer campsite—once a popular site for Christian gatherings and conferences—were closed by authorities of the Islamic Republic, who also posted a large notice on the gates “warning of severe consequences should anyone try to enter the premises.” These latest closures follow the official termination of Friday Persian language services and the compulsory cancellation of all Bible classes and the distribution of Christian literature. Also, as part of the crackdown on house churches, plainclothes agents of the Ministry of Islamic Guidance continued raiding, arresting, and “aggressively interrogating” assembled worshippers.

Lebanon: Ahead of the Maronite Patriarch’s visit to Akker, flyers signed by the “Soldiers of the Great Prophet” threatened the Christians and churches in what has traditionally been the safest Mideast country for Christians, calling “on the infidels to stop their blasphemy … We will start from the infidel’s church in Akker and we won’t stop … this is not the end but the beginning,” read the flyer.

Kenya: Seven Islamic jihadis launched simultaneous grenade and gunfire attacks on two churches, while the congregations were at prayer. Five militants attacked the Africa Inland Church, killing 17 people and wounding approximately 60, including many women and children. The other two Muslim terrorists attacked the nearby Catholic Church, wounding three.

Kuwait: After approval was issued for the construction of a church, a group of Islamic preachers, echoing the words of the Saudi Grand Mufti, reasserted that churches are not permitted to be built in Muslim countries. One sheikh “expressed displeasure” against those approving the construction of the church, “stressing that it is not permissible as per the Sharia,” adding that “excuses” such as saying that the building of a church “is a matter of human rights and international norms is not acceptable, as Islam comes first, and people should respect religion first before serving humanity or anything else.”

Turkey: The existence of the oldest functioning Christian monastery in the world, 5th century Mor Gabriel Monastery near the Turkish-Syrian border is at risk after a ruling by Turkey’s highest appeals court. Inhabited today by only a few dozen Christians dedicated to learning the monastery’s teachings, the ancient Aramaic language spoken by Jesus and the Orthodox Syriac tradition, neighboring Muslims with the support of an MP member of the Islamic Justice and Development Party (AKP) filed a lawsuit accusing the Christians of practicing “anti-Turkish activities” and of illegally occupying land which belongs to Muslim villages. The highest appeals court in Ankara, which is close to the government, ruled in favor of the Muslim villagers, saying the land that has been part of the monastery for 1,600 years is not its property, and even claimed that the monastery was built over the ruins of a mosque, forgetting that Mohammed was born 170 years after its foundation.

Apostasy and Blasphemy

Egypt: A Christian teacher was arrested and detained after being accused of posting cartoons insulting to Islam and its prophet on Facebook. The man faces up to five years in jail if convicted of blasphemy. While admitting he manages the site in question, he said the site was hacked. Earlier in April, a Christian teenager was sentenced to three years in prison for posting cartoons perceived to mock Islam’s prophet on his Face book page. Likewise, Christian business tycoon Naguib Sawiris posted Disney’s Mickey and Minnie Mouse dressed in Islamic attire, which landed him in court, though he was acquitted.

Iran: Pastor Youssef Nadarkhani, who has spent over 1,000 days in prison awaiting execution for refusing to recant Christianity, is only one of many persecuted in Iran for their faith. A six-year prison sentence for pastor Farshid Fathi Malayeri—another Muslim convert to Christianity—was recently upheld following an unsuccessful appeal hearing. Also, another prominent house church pastor, Benham Irani, remains behind bars, even as his family expresses concerns that he may die from continued abuse and beatings, leading to internal bleeding and other ailments; authorities refuse to give him medical treatment. The verdict against him contains text that describes the pastor as an apostate, adding that apostates “can be killed.”

Pakistan: A Christian couple have been on the run since they embraced Islam back in 2006, only to reconvert to Christianity. Upon learning that the couple returned to Christianity, neighboring Muslims attacked and persecuted them; one of the husband’s best friends abducted and tortured him, while beating the wife. “[One] should have the freedom to choose the religion one wishes to follow,” said the Christian husband. “They have subsequently been on the run.”

Saudi Arabia: A court is looking into an apostasy case concerning a 28-year-old Muslim woman’s conversion to Christianity. The father alleges that a Saudi and a Lebanese played a role in converting his daughter to Christianity and smuggling her to Lebanon, where she has received sanctuary in an anonymous church.

Jihad Death and Destruction

Nigeria: In what is described as an ongoing genocide of Christians over 65 people, including two politicians, were killed in a triple attacks on Christians. First, Muslims destroyed 43 Christian-owned farms. Nobody was arrested. Then they attacked nine Christian villages around the city of Jos, killing dozens of people. “They came in hundreds,” said an official, “Some had police uniforms and some even had bulletproof vests.” In one instance, Christians fleeing the violence took refuge in the house of a local church leader, which was bombed and more than 50 Christians were burned alive, including the pastor’s wife and children. Then the Muslims attacked the funeral for the victims of the village raids, killing several more people. Security forces said Muslim Fulani herdsmen were responsible but Islamist militant group Boko Haram issued a statement saying: “We thank Allah for the successful attack.” Separately, Islamic motorcycle assassins gunned down four Christians.

South Africa: The Islamic terror group Al Shabaab is accused of murdering 14 Christians, all Ethiopians, in the Western Cape. A Christian bishop, also a former police inspector, fears more of his flock will be targeted: “We want authorities to do something because we know this is the work of al-Shabaab. If nothing is done, the Ethiopian population will be depleted… [those who died are] holy martyrs who have died because they are Christians.” Meanwhile, Father Mike Williams of the Anglican Catholic Church also revealed that members of his congregation have been targeted by gunmen “with connections to Muslim extremists,” saying that “In July, we have lost seven members of our church.”

Syria: Syrian “freedom fighters” continue showing their true colors as they destroy churches and kill Christians, which has resulted in the mass migration of tens of thousands of Christians, including practically the entire populations of Homs and Qusayr. Surrounding nations that once might have offered refuge—Iraq, Turkey, even now Lebanon—are also increasingly inhospitable to Christians. One Christian girl who escaped said: “They sermonized on Fridays in the mosques that it was a sacred duty to drive us [Christians] away…. Christians had to pay bribes to the jihadists repeatedly in order to avoid getting killed.” After making the sign of the cross, her grandmother added: “Anyone who believes in this cross suffers.”

Turkey: An article titled “Who Ordered the Murder of Christians?” asserts that a Muslim undercover agent who had worked for the government “penetrated the Christian community and gathered a lot of information, while he was pretending to be a missionary. He became a church leader, and upon receiving another order, he became ‘Muslim’ again and launched a campaign against missionaries across the country,” which culminated in the massacre of Christians.

Dhimmitude [General Abuse, Debasement, and Suppression of Non-Muslims as "Tolerated" Citizens]

Egypt: After a Christian laundry worker burned the shirt of a Muslim man, several quarrels ensued and culminated with the death of a Muslim. Accordingly, thousands of Muslims rampaged the village, causing 120 Christian families to flee. They looted Christian businesses and homes “despite hundreds of security forces being deployed in the village. Eyewitnesses reported that security forces did not protect most Coptic property.” Family members of the deceased Muslim insist that the Christians must still pay with their lives. Also, during Ramadan, several Christians were attacked and beaten. Dr. Yassir al-Burhami, a prominent figure in Egypt’s Salafi movement issued a fatwa forbidding Muslim taxi-drivers and bus-drivers from transporting Coptic Christian priests to their churches, which he depicted as “more forbidden than taking someone to a liquor bar.” And a charitable medical center that performs free heart operations on both Muslim and Christian children is under threat from some Muslims, who want it closed down because it was founded by a Christian surgeon.

Pakistan: Days after a Muslim mob doused a man with gasoline and literally burned him alive for “blaspheming” the Koran (graphic picture here), a Pakistani Christian woman, now living in the U.S., explained how when she lived in Pakistan, Muslims disfigured her in an acid attack for being Christian: After one man noticed her wearing a crucifix, he “became abusive,” telling her “that she was living in the gutter and would go to hell for shunning Islam. He left and returned half an hour later, clutching a bottle of battery acid which he savagely chucked over her head. As she ran screaming for the door a second man grabbed her by the hair and forced more of the liquid down her throat, searing her esophagus. Teeth fell from her mouth as she desperately called for help, stumbling down the street. A woman heard her cries and took her to her home, pouring water over her head and taking her to hospital. At first the doctors refused to treat her, because she was a Christian. ‘They all turned against me… Even the people who took me to the hospital. They told the doctor they were going to set the hospital on fire if they treated me.’ … 67 per cent of her esophagus was burned and she was missing an eye and both eyelids. What remained of her teeth could be seen through a gaping hole where her cheek had been. The doctors predicted she would die any day. Despite the odds she pulled through.” Separately, Muslim landowners and their police accomplices continue annexing land owned by Christians. “The police pulled away our headscarves from heads and started hitting us with clubs and punches” reported Christian women, “after news spread that police is harassing and torturing Christian women and men … to grab their agricultural land.”

About this Series

Because the persecution of Christians in the Islamic world is on its way to reaching epidemic proportions, “Muslim Persecution of Christians” was developed to collate some—by no means all—of the instances of persecution that surface each month. It serves two purposes:

  1. To document that which the mainstream media does not: the habitual, if not chronic, Muslim persecution of Christians.
  2. To show that such persecution is not “random,” but systematic and interrelated—that it is rooted in a worldview inspired by Sharia.

Accordingly, whatever the anecdote of persecution, it typically fits under a specific theme, including hatred for churches and other Christian symbols; sexual abuse of Christian women; forced conversions to Islam; apostasy and blasphemy laws that criminalize and punish with death those who “offend” Islam; theft and plunder in lieu of jizya (financial tribute expected from non-Muslims); overall expectations for Christians to behave like dhimmis, or second-class, “tolerated” citizens; and simple violence and murder. Sometimes it is a combination.

Because these accounts of persecution span different ethnicities, languages, and locales—from Morocco in the West, to India in the East, and throughout the West wherever there are Muslims—it should be clear that one thing alone binds them: Islam—whether the strict application of Islamic Sharia law, or the supremacist culture born of it.

Raymond Ibrahim is a Shillman Fellow at the David Horowitz Freedom Center and an Associate Fellow at the Middle East Forum.

Previous Reports:

http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/3318/muslim-persecution-of-christians-july-2012

http://koptisch.wordpress.com/2011/01/08/menetekel-fur-europa/

http://pushbacknow.net/2011/03/20/graphic-body-of-young-christian-woman-and-indonesian-jihadi-brutally-murdered-by-muslims-graphic/


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A Sunken City Named Heracleion Gets Discovered After 1500 Years

December 7, 2013, 3:04 am
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Posted on: December 1, 2013 · By Sunny Skyz

underwater city Heracleion discovered http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02548/heracleion-2_2548191k.jpg

The city of Heracleion was engulfed underwater 1500 years ago. This grand city had been mentioned by the Greek writer Herodotus, the 5th-century BC historian. He had told a wonderful tale of Helen of Troy, who traveled to Heracleion, then a port of ‘great wealth’, with her Trojan lover, Paris.

When French marine archaeologist Franck Goddio stumbled upon some relics, it led them to one of the greatest finds of the 21st century; a city underwater. The discovery took place when Goddio had been in search of Napoleon’s warships from the 1798 Battle of the Nile, when he had been defeated by Nelson in these very waters, but to his surprise, he stumbled upon this magnificent discovery.

Here the team retrieves the statue of the god Hapi

underwater city Heracleion discovered http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02548/heracleion-2_2548191k.jpg

More and more statues are brought to surface, still in excellent condition

god and goddess statues brought to surface http://assets.atlasobscura.com/article_images/2101/image

The discoveries include the colossal statues of the Egyptian goddess Isis, the god Hapi, and an unidentified Egyptian pharaoh, all preserved in excellent condition by their muddy burial shroud. Along with these 16ft statues there are hundreds of smaller statues of Egyptian gods, among them the figures that guarded the temple where Cleopatra who was inaugurated as Queen of the Nile. Dozens of sarcophagi have also been found, containing the bodies of mummified animals sacrificed to Amun-Gereb, the supreme god of the Egyptians. Many amulets, or religious charms, have been unearthed, too, showing gods such as Isis, Osiris and Horus.

A red granite sculpture of a Ptolemaic queen

sculpture discovered from underwater city http://static.environmentalgraffiti.com/sites/default/files/images/Hera11.img_assist_custom-600×397.jpg

A gold vessel, which is a shallow dish used throughout the Hellenistic world for drinking

gold vessel shallow dish http://resources2.news.com.au/images/2013/06/06/1226658/496438-lost-city-of-heracleion.jpg

A bronze statuette of a Pharoah of the 26th dynasty

underwater statue http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18q5gssigmjnljpg/ku-xlarge.jpg

An ancient lamp is discovered during the search

genie lamp http://31.media.tumblr.com/c198d6f9a8f46d0f47cd783116480862/tumblr_mmaghvK4m51qm0g2co3_1280.jpg

Here an archaelogist measures the feet of a colossal red granite statue

measuring a statue http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rjk3bVmQLAs/UYHLzmOZgEI/AAAAAAAAA2c/Xcp4X-PWuAU/s640/statue-heracleion-city-2.jpg

The god Hapi was the god of the flooding of the Nile, a symbol of abundance and fertility

statue underwater Heracleion http://blog.world-mysteries.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Heracleion2.jpg

A 1.9m inscribed pillar, commissioned by Nectanebo I (378-362 BC)

stele discovered 1500 years later

Evidence shows that Heracleion slipped into its watery grave sometime in the 6th or 7th century AD. The discovery of Heracleion will now add depth and detail to our knowledge of the ancient world, because among the discoveries, there are perfectly preserved inscribed pillars decorated with hieroglyphics.

Source


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BBC Plugs Jihadi Charities (BBC Lies by Omission)

December 7, 2013, 4:45 am
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“Al Fatiha Global has a strict vetting policy … We have certain people who actually go out and check people’s social networking profiles, like Facebook and Twitter. If somebody has something on there which may seem a bit radical, then that’s it, they’re not accepted.” — Kas Jameel, Aid Convoy Driver

Jameel, however, apparently forgot to vet his own social media postings.

BBC’s leading current affairs program, Newsnight recently broadcast an eight-minute film in which a BBC reporter accompanied a British “aid convoy” headed to the most dangerous parts of Syria.

The Aid for Syria convoy, comprised of half a dozen ambulances, travelled over three thousand miles through Europe and Turkey before finally crossing the border into Syria, purportedly to deliver food, shelter and medical supplies. The journalist Catrin Nye markedly noted the diverse background of their convoy’s participants, introducing a “a doctor from Manchester, a pharmacist from Halifax and a restaurant owner from West Yorkshire.”

During the broadcast, the BBC did not, however, reveal the names of the charities involved with the convoy. The Aid for Syria Convoy is, in fact, managed by charities that many might justifiably regard as “extremist”: One Nation, Al Fatiha Global and Aid4Syria.

These charities regularly organize fundraising events with Islamist themes, and invite radical preachers as guests. In mid-November, for instance, the Aid for Syria convoy ran an event named “O’Ummah [Community of Muslims], Wake Up and Rise”, starring as its key speakers, Zahir Mahmood and Moazzam Begg.

Zahir Mahmood just so happens to be a supporter of the Palestinian terrorist group Hamas, the charter of which calls for genocide against the Jewish people. Mahmood claims that, “Hamas are not terrorists. They’re freedom fighters.”

Moazzam Begg, meanwhile, was a detainee at Guantanamo Bay who now runs a group called CagePrisoners, which lobbies in support of imprisoned Al Qaeda terrorists. Begg has previously admitted that he was responsible for “small arms and mountain tactics” at al-Qaeda training camps, to which he also sent money, on the Afghan-Pakistani border. Begg has also admitted that he fought alongside jihadists in Bosnia. Through CagePrisoners, Begg presently campaigns for the release of his fellow Guantanamo detainee, Shaker Aamer, whom Begg himself had previously described as a “recruiter” for al-Qaeda. The human rights activist Gita Sahgal has called Begg: “Britain’s most famous supporter of the Taliban.”

The aid convoy will be hosting another fundraising event this coming December 22 in Birmingham, where the jihadist Moazzam Begg is once again a guest, along with Yusuf Ahmed Az Zahaby, a British Islamist preacher.

Zahaby is a leading member of Al Hikma Media, where his colleagues include: Shady Suleiman, who calls for the killing of women who engage in pre-marital sex; Abdur Raheem Green, who speaks of a “Jewish stench” and claims it is permissible to beat women to “bring them to goodness;” and Suhaib Webb, who, according to FBI surveillance documents, spoke at a dinner in 2001 alongside the late Al Qaeda operative, Anwar Al-Awlaki, and raised £100,000 in donations for the legal defence of Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, an Islamist radical who shot and killed two police officers in Georgia, USA.

Convoy organizers have named some of their vehicles and charitable gifts after Aafia Siddiqui, an Al Qaeda activist described by FBI Director Robert S. Mueller as “an al-Qaeda operative and facilitator.” When arrested in 2008, Siddiqui was found in possession of bomb-making instructions and a list of New York landmarks. During her trial, Siddiqui demanded the court ensure none of the lawyers or jurors involved was Jewish.

A convoy vehicle named after Aafia Siddiqui, a convicted terrorist.

 

A placard for one of the convoy’s charitable projects that bears Aafia Siddiqui’s name.

 

The BBC film mentions neither Aafia Siddqui nor the convoy organizers’ support for a convicted terrorist.

Catrin Nye does briefly explain the nasheed [Islamic vocal music] to which convoy participants listen throughout the journey, although she fails to explain its contents. The nasheed in question is entitled, “I Weep for Syria” and is performed by Mishary Rashid Alafasy, a Kuwaiti singer of religious verse.

A spoken word section at the beginning of the nasheed claims the Baathists “rape honourable women in front of their husbands, and in front of their fathers and brothers. They [the Baathists] do not acknowledge religion and have nothing to do with humanity.” The nasheed itself further details the crimes of the Baathists against the ummah [the Islamist concept of the entire Islamic people], and notes that, “[The Syrian people] hold fast to their religion/ Their blood is the perfume of graves.” This nasheed is apparently popular with jihadi groups.

While none of these claims about the Baathists’ violence is implausible, this is not the rhetoric one expects of a charitable organization.

Nye also fails to address accusations that aid convoys are linked to terrorism. During a brief search of the convoys’ vehicles at the British border, Nye narrates: “They head first to Dover, but they face an early setback … One ambulance is stopped by counter-terrorism officers. The group do face suspicion that they are going to Syria to fight.” It is also briefly noted, without explanation, that border police turned away one member of the convoy at the Greek-Turkish border.

Nye asks no further questions of the convoy organizers. Nye has also ignored this author’s requests for comment.

While the convoy travels through Turkey, the charities liaise closely with the Turkish charity IHH. The Times has reported that the IHH, a banned terrorist organization under Dutch law, is involved in gun-running missions to Syria. In 2001, during the trial of Ahmed Ressam, it was revealed that the IHH was involved in a plot to bomb Los Angeles International Airport.

The BBC does not follow the convoy into Syria itself. Once the convoy leaves the BBC cameraman and journalist behind, with the support of the IHH, the convoy of ambulances crosses into Syria.

German media has recently reported that similar convoys of ambulances from Germany, ostensibly full of medical supplies, are actually used to bring weapons into Syria. Once the convoys arrive in Turkey, out of the reach of European security services, according to German newspaper General-Anzeiger, the German charities’ ambulances allegedly take on new cargo – switching medical supplies for Kalashnikov rifles. Like the British convoys, the German charities are also involved with Salafist organizations and extremist preachers.

Nye appears convinced that her aid convoy, unlike its German cousins, rejects extremist thought; there is no mention of any links of terrorism. Nye even films one of the convoy drivers, Kas Jameel, explaining that the organizers are dedicated to preventing anyone with extremist ideas or violent designs from participating in their charitable mission. Jameel has added in television interviews that, “Al Fatiha Global has a strict vetting policy … We have certain people who actually go out and check people’s social networking profiles, like Facebook and Twitter. If somebody has something on there which may seem a bit radical, then that’s it, they’re not accepted.”

Jameel, however, apparently forgot to vet his own social media postings. In a number of them on his Facebook account in the last few months alone, Jameel has lauded Syrian jihadi “martyrs” and paraphrases the quote by Osama Bin Laden: “Our men love death like your men love life.”

Jameel has further promoted excerpts from religious commentary on the Quran that justify violence against Jews; he describes them as “dishonest” and the “enemies of Allah.” Jameel also claims that Shia Muslims have “defamed the mother of believers.”

Other posts by Jameel have expressed support for the Saudi preacher Mohammad Al-Arifi, who has declared that, “Devotion to Jihad for the sake of Allah, and the desire to shed blood, to smash skulls and to sever limbs for the sake of Allah and in defense of his religion, is, undoubtedly, an honor for the believer.”

On November 19, Jameel promoted a group protesting the arrest of an Al Qaeda operative, Abdul Basit. The group supported by Jameel describes the Muslim woman who informed the authorities of Basit’s connections to terrorism as an “FBI witch” who will be “sent to her grave.”

Facebook pages controlled by the convoy charities themselves have also promoted inflammatory material. One of the charities, Aid4Syria, has circulated a video by Sheikh Muhammad Al-Arifi, in which he encourages his listeners to wage war in Syria: “Nothing is left but death, either your die for the sake of your religion or be sold to those transgressors.” Arifi has previously described the killing of “infidels” as a “great honour” and advocates the murder of Jews.

Other convoy participants are even more explicit in their support for terror. Majid Freeman, who in the BBC film is introduced as just “Majid,” has encouraged European Muslims to “do jihad in Syria,” and has promoted “tributes” to the late Al Qaeda terrorist Anwar Al-Awlaki on his Twitter and Facebook accounts.

 

Freeman has also posted tributes to the Al Qaeda operative Aafia Siddiqui: “Not a day goes by when we don’t think of a our sister Aafia Siddqui. … Allah, unite the Ummah and remove the backstabbers … and use us as a means to help the oppressed.”

The continual failure of the media and politicians to examine these extremist charities properly is a weary one; the British Charity Commission has repeatedly warned that aid money for Syria is ending up in the pockets of extremist groups.

Much of the media seems to subscribe to the naïve notion that honorable endeavors attract only those with honorable ideas. Even if these Islamist charities solely pursue charitable objectives, however, they have apparently planned a supplementary purpose for these convoys: establishing terror-aligned Islamism, through the provision of social welfare, as an indispensible component of an anti-Assad Syria.

This phenomenon is not even new: it has been examined before in a piece about Interpal — a British charity that works with the Palestinian terror group, Hamas — in which it was made clear that charitable support for terror groups’ social services only helps justify and fund the terror groups’ violence.

An important step towards tackling this problem would be an undertaking by members of the media — especially the BBC, funded by taxpayers — to start living up to their minimal professional obligations by taking a straightforward look at the ideas and persons behind these charitable groups, which they falsely portray as paragons of virtue.

http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/4077/bbc-syria-charities

 

Muslim Brotherhood Spokesman and Former Clinton Foundation Employee Arrested in Cairo

Oxfam Partner, Islamic Relief Co-Founder Essam El-Haddad Describes Jews as “descendents of apes and pigs”

Huma Abedin – Hillary Clinton – Abedin Family Ties to Al-Qaeda

http://mediachecker.wordpress.com/2013/10/15/huma-abedin-hillary-clinton-abedin-family-ties-to-al-qaeda/

Pop “BBC” into the search engine here for further info on their “reporting”.

 


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Salafists urge supporters to back Egypt constitution

December 7, 2013, 4:54 pm
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December 05, 2013 05:34 PM
Nour  party spokesman Nader Bakkar attends a news conference about constitution in  Cairo December 5, 2013. REUTERS/Mohamed Abd El Ghany

CAIRO: Egypt’s Salafist Al-Nour party  said Thursday it will  rally supporters to vote for a new draft constitution in a referendum fiercely  opposed by the Muslim Brotherhood.

“It is an amended constitution. Generally speaking, the final result is  acceptable for us,” said Nader Bakkar, spokesman for Al-Nour, which had a  representative on the panel that drafted the constitution.

“We are going to campaign” in favour of it, he told AFP.

The ultra-conservative party had broken ranks with other Islamist groups to  support the military’s overthrow of president Mohamed Morsi  in July.

The military had suspended the previous constitution, passed by an  Islamist-dominated panel during Morsi’s year in power, before it toppled the  president.

A senior member of the Muslim Brotherhood, to which Morsi belonged, told AFP  the movement had yet to decide whether to  call for a “No” vote or boycott the referendum.

A 50-member panel drafted the constitution and handed it to interim president  Adly Mansour on Tuesday.

Mansour has a month to hold the referendum which is billed as the first stage  the “democratic transition” promised by the military-installed rulers.

A statement by the Anti-Coup Alliance led by the Brotherhood said it “rejects  as a total waste of billions of Egyptian pounds a potentially rigged and  certainly unconstitutional referendum to rubber stamp the country’s most  important document”.

Egypt’s Islamists were divided even on the ouster of Morsi — the country’s  first democratically elected president — with Al-Nour backing the military in  deposing him on July 3 along with Christian and Muslim religious  institutions.

Morsi’s supporters have been staging near-daily protests against his ouster  despite a crackdown in which more than 1,000 people, most of them Islamists,  have been killed and thousands arrested.

The draft constitution has retained powers and privileges of the military,  including allowing it to prosecute civilians in certain cases despite stiff  opposition from secular activists who spearheaded the 2011 revolt against Hosni  Mubarak.

Read more:  http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Dec-05/240025-salafists-urge-supporters-to-back-egypt-constitution.ashx#ixzz2mnED2p5U (The Daily Star :: Lebanon News ::  http://www.dailystar.com.lb)

 

Interesting, in that, when I popped Nader Bakkar’ name into a search engine the first site presented was “opendemocracy” – a George Soros – Rockefeller aka Rothchild et al supported website:

http://www.opendemocracy.net/author/nader-bakkar

http://www.opendemocracy.net/about/supporters

C-Span Video: http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Reconciliationfo

Nader Bakkar is co-founder of Egypt’s al-Nour Party and serves on the party’s presidential and foreign affairs committees, as well as being the chairman’s assistant for media affairs. In 2012, he was elected member of Egypt’s Constituent Assembly. Before this, Bakkar was executive manager for Andalusia Medical Group in Egypt and Saudi Arabia.  He has represented Islam and the Salafi movement at many conferences throughout Egypt’s universities. He holds a bachelor’s degree in commerce, studying project management and Islamic economics,and a master’s degree in strategic management. Bakkar is a regular contributor to al Ahram newspaper, al Shorouk newspaper, and Ahram on line .

http://www.opendemocracy.net/author/nader-bakkar

http://mediachecker.wordpress.com/2013/07/08/flashback-elbaradei-forms-the-national-association-for-change/

 

Is Bakkar another Soros et al agent like ElBaradei and Khanfar?http://mediachecker.wordpress.com/2013/07/08/flashback-elbaradei-forms-the-national-association-for-change/

 


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USAF Band Christmas Flash Mob at the National Air and Space Museum 2013, Chants and other Christmas Music

December 7, 2013, 6:25 pm
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A very moving rendition of Bach, ‘Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring’.

Century 3 -1000 ans de chant Gregorien – La musique ancienne. De l’Antiquité à la Renaissance

1. Universi qui te expectant
2. Requiem aeternam, introit in mode 6 (Liber Usualis 1807a)
3. Kyrie eleison
4. Requiem aeternam, gradual in mode 2
5. Absolve, Domine, animas omnium, tractus in mode 8 (Liber Usualis No 1809)
6. Dies irae, dies illa, sequence in Mode 1
7. Domine Jesu Christe, offertory
8. Sanctus
9. Agnus Dei
10. Lux aeterna, communion, mode 8
11. Libera me, Domine, de Morte Eterna, responsory
12. In paradisum, antiphon
13. Omnipotens eterne (Agnus Dei)
14. Corpus quod nunc / Psallite domino, troped communion
15. Cives celestis patrie, hymn
16. Regem regum dominum (Invitatoire)
17. Iacobe servorum spes, répons
18. Ascendens Ihesus in montem (Offertoire)
19. In timore Dei
20. Testamentum eternum
21. Dedit Dominus confessionem sancto suo
22. Natus est rex
23. In natale

mp3: http://www.genteflow.com/mp3/century-…

Gregorian Chant

A special favorite of mine – Te Deum laudamus (Gregorian Chant – 3rd century)

A ti, Dios, te alabamos. A ti, Señor, te ensalzamos.
A ti, Padre eterno, toda la tierra venera.
A ti, todos los ángeles, a ti los cielos y todas las potencias:
a ti los querubines y los sefarines, con voz incesante proclaman:
“Santo, Santo, Santo es el Señor Dios de los Ejércitos del cielo.
Llenos están los cielos y la tierra de la grandeza de tu gloria.”
A ti el glorioso coro de los Apóstoles
a ti el laudable número de los profetas,
a ti la blanca cohorte de los mártires te alaba.
A ti por la tierra la santa Iglesia te ensalza,
Padre de infinita majestad;
a tu venerable, verdadero y único Hijo,
y también al Paráclito Espíritu Santo.
Tú, Cristo, rey de gloria.
Tú eres Hijo eterno del Padre.
Tú, que habiendo de adoptar la naturaleza humana para liberar
al hombre, no rechazaste el seno de la Virgen.
Tú, que tras vencer por completo la tortura de la muerte,
abriste a los creyentes el reino de los cielos.
Tú te sientas a la derecha de Dios,
en la gloria del Padre.

Se cree que has de venir como juez.
Así pues, te rogamos, acude en ayuda de tus siervos,
a quienes redimiste con el precio de tu sangre.
Haz que sean contados en la gloria eterna junto con tus santos.
Salva a tu pueblo, Señor, y bendice tu heredad.
Condúcelos y levántalos por siempre.
Todos los días te bendecimos;
y alabamos tu nombre por siempre jamás.
Dígnate, Señor, a guardarnos sin pecado en este día.
Ten piedad de nosotros, Señor,
ten piedad de nosotros.
Hágase tu misericordia, Señor, sobre nosotros,
del mismo modo que hemos esperado en ti.
En ti, Señor, he esperado:
Que nunca sea yo confundido. Amén.

*     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *

We praise thee, O God :  we acknowledge thee to be the Lord.
All the earth doth worship thee : the Father everlasting.
To thee all Angels cry aloud : the Heavens, and all the Powers therein.
To thee Cherubin and Seraphin : continually do cry,
Holy, Holy, Holy : Lord God of Sabaoth;
Heaven and earth are full of the Majesty : of thy glory.
The glorious company of the Apostles : praise thee.
The goodly fellowship of the Prophets : praise thee.
The noble army of Martyrs : praise thee.
The holy Church throughout all the world :     doth acknowledge thee;
The Father : of an infinite Majesty;
Thine honourable, true : and only Son;
Also the Holy Ghost : the Comforter.
Thou art the King of Glory : O Christ.
Thou art the everlasting Son : of the Father.
When thou tookest upon thee to deliver man : thou didst not abhor the Virgin’s womb.
When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death : thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to all believers.
Thou sittest at the right hand of God : in the glory of the Father.
We believe that thou shalt come : to be our Judge.
We therefore pray thee, help thy servants : whom thou hast redeemed with thy precious blood.
Make them to be numbered with thy Saints : in glory everlasting.
O Lord, save thy people : and bless thine heritage.
Govern them : and lift them up for ever.
Day by day : we magnify thee;
And we worship thy Name : ever world without end.
Vouchsafe, O Lord : to keep us this day without sin.
O Lord, have mercy upon us : have mercy upon us.
O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us : as our trust is in thee.
O Lord, in thee have I trusted : let me never be confounded.
Performers: Schola Antiqua
Dir.: Juan Carlos Asensio Palacios

Cistercian chant of the Late Middle Ages.
Title: “In Timore Dei”
Service: Matins of the Feast of St Bernard of Clairvaux.
Performers: Ensemble Organum, Director: Marcel Peres
Album: “Chant Cistercien”

Medieval Byzantine Chant.
Title: “Communion: Praise the Lord from the Heavens”
Service: Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom (IN ENGLISH)
Composer: Maistor Ioannes Koukouzeles
Performers: Cappella Romana
Album: “The Divine Liturgy In English In Byzantine Chant”
** Although I am not very particular to byzantine chant  being performed in english (at least from what I have listened to mostly), this performance by Cappella Romana & Ioannes Arvanites is a very nice example of how such a thing is achieved not just properly, but even excellently, especially so in one of the most majestic and difficult communion chants by the great Master of the 15th century, Ioannes Koukouzeles.
~
The whole chant consists of the first verse of Psalm 148:
~
English

Praise the Lord from the heavens, Alleluia.
~
Greek

Αἰνεῖτε τὸν Κύριον ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν, ᾿Αλληλούια.
~
Latin

Laudate Dominum de caelis, Alleluia.

Medieval Old Roman Chant.
Title: “Tractus: Qui habitat in adiutorio altissimi”. Part I
Service: Adoration of the Cross
Performers: Ensemble Organum, Director: Marcel Peres
Album: “Chants de l’ Eglise de Rome (VIIe & XIIIe siecles)”

Full 14 minutes of Chant of the Templars – Salve Regina
Free MP3 download link: http://tinyurl.com/bq3fvzj

This Chant of the Templars another favorite, thereagain who am I trying to kid, love’m all.

Pange Lingua Gloriosi – Catholic Hymns, Gregorian Chant

This extraordinary Eucharistic hymn, by the great St. Thomas Aquinas, is a fan favourite among the faithful. This version regretably leaves out the second verse. The recording is from the CD illuminations, compiled by Dan Gibson. the Latin text and English translation follow:

Pange, lingua, gloriosi
Corporis mysterium,
Sanguinisque pretiosi,
quem in mundi pretium
fructus ventris generosi
Rex effudit Gentium.

Nobis datus, nobis natus
ex intacta Virgine,
et in mundo conversatus,
sparso verbi semine,
sui moras incolatus
miro clausit ordine.

In supremae nocte coenae
recumbens cum fratribus
observata lege plene
cibis in legalibus,
cibum turbae duodenae
se dat suis manibus.

Verbum caro, panem verum
verbo carnem efficit:
fitque sanguis Christi merum,
et si sensus deficit,
ad firmandum cor sincerum
sola fides sufficit.

Tantum ergo Sacramentum
veneremur cernui:
et antiquum documentum
novo cedat ritui:
praestet fides supplementum
sensuum defectui.

Genitori, Genitoque
laus et jubilatio,
salus, honor, virtus quoque
sit et benedictio:
Procedenti ab utroque
compar sit laudatio.
Amen.

Sing, my tongue, the Savior’s glory,
of His flesh the mystery sing;
of the Blood, all price exceeding,
shed by our immortal King,
destined, for the world’s redemption,
from a noble womb to spring.

Of a pure and spotless Virgin
born for us on earth below,
He, as Man, with man conversing,
stayed, the seeds of truth to sow;
then He closed in solemn order
wondrously His life of woe.

On the night of that Last Supper,
seated with His chosen band,
He the Pascal victim eating,
first fulfills the Law’s command;
then as Food to His Apostles
gives Himself with His own hand.

Word-made-Flesh, the bread of nature
by His word to Flesh He turns;
wine into His Blood He changes;
what though sense no change discerns?
Only be the heart in earnest,
faith her lesson quickly learns.

Down in adoration falling,
This great Sacrament we hail,
Over ancient forms of worship
Newer rites of grace prevail;
Faith will tell us Christ is present,
When our human senses fail.

To the everlasting Father,
And the Son who made us free
And the Spirit, God proceeding
From them Each eternally,
Be salvation, honor, blessing,
Might and endless majesty.
Amen.

Playing this wonderful hymn in praise of God as I’m preparing to attend Holy Mass.

Holy Mass

MERRY CHRISTMAS  :)


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Brit Hume’s ‘holiday tree’ photo-slam

December 8, 2013, 8:51 pm
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December 8, 2013

Fox News political commentator Brit Hume posted a photo-shopped picture depicting two pricing points for Christmas Trees, depending on how a buyer views them.

According to Twitchy, the photo has been retweeted nearly 900 times and counting.

View image on Twitter

http://www.bizpacreview.com/2013/12/08/hard-not-to-smile-at-brit-humes-holiday-tree-photo-slam-88606      :)

Christmas Trees will probably be banned next for our “safety and security” or some “environmental” thingy doncha know. Things are getting that crazy here with the bozo’s in office. I mean look at the Christmas stamp they advertised…

Oh yeah, because Christians celebrate the Holy Day of Gingerbread House, seriously? I bought the regular stamps since I didn’t know about the following stamps…

…the stamps they didn’t advertise and I discovered too late. No wonder the PO is broke since many more than yours truly were misled.


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Obama poses for a funeral selfie and gets chummy with Danish PM – Michelle is not amused

December 10, 2013, 7:08 pm
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By      / NEW YORK DAILY NEWS

Tuesday, December 10, 2013

http://assets.nydailynews.com/polopoly_fs/1.1543187.1386693436!/img/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_635/525340425.jpg” width=”635″ height=”422″ />

ROBERTO SCHMIDT/AFP/Getty  Images

Funeral selfie: (from left to right) British PM David Cameron, Denmark’s  Prime Minister Helle Thorning Schmidt and President Obama smile for a snap  during Nelson Mandela’s memorial service.

President Obama was caught committing a funeral faux pas — snapping  a selfie during Nelson Mandela’s memorial service with Danish Prime Minister  Helle Thorning-Schmidt and British PM David Cameron.

The threesome smiled as the Scandinavian beauty held her smartphone out to  capture the moment but Michelle  Obama sat at a distance, as if in disapproval of the digital display.

Helle Thorning-Schmidt, left, jokes with Obama during the service Tuesday, as first lady Michelle Obama paid attention to the proceedings.

Matt Dunham/AP

Helle Thorning-Schmidt, left, jokes  with Obama during the service Tuesday, as first lady Michelle Obama paid  attention to the proceedings.

Thorning-Schmidt, 46, was animated as she took her place among the  dignitaries in the stands at the FNB stadium in Johannesburg for the somber  occasion, chatting with other leaders and unabashedly typing away on her  device.

The Danish leader looked all at ease with Obama during the remembrance ceremony for Nelson Mandela but Michelle Obama (right) did not seem to approve of the display.

Matt Dunham/AP

The Danish leader looked all at ease  with Obama during the remembrance ceremony for Nelson Mandela but Michelle Obama  (right) did not seem to approve of the display.

The Danish politician, who is married to British executive Stephen Kinnock,  appeared particularly chummy with President Obama but Michelle Obama, 49, seemed  annoyed at the mingling, looking solemn as she stared intently in the opposite  direction and paid attention to the proceedings.

Danish Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt mingled with the President, as First Lady Michelle Obama looked intently ahead.

Matt Dunham/AP

Danish Prime Minister Helle  Thorning-Schmidt mingled with the President, as First Lady Michelle Obama looked  intently ahead.

As the President laughed away with the Danish leader, at least one  photograph shows the First Lady flash a disapproving glare in their  direction.

Thorning-Schmidt, who has two daughters with Kinnock, is the first female  prime minister of Denmark. She assumed office in October 2011.

Appropriate? President George W. Bush posted this Instagram pic of him smiling with Bono at the Nelson Mandela memorial.

georgewbush via Instagram

Appropriate? President George W. Bush  posted this Instagram pic of him smiling with Bono at the Nelson Mandela  memorial.

RELATED:  OBAMA, CASTRO SHAKE HANDS AT MANDELA FUNERAL

She has met Obama on numerous occasions, including a White House visit in  February 2012 and the NATO Summit in Chicago in May 2012.

The leaders sat together at the FNB Stadium in Johannesburg.

ALEXANDER JOE/AFP/Getty Images

The leaders sat together at the FNB  Stadium in Johannesburg.

In September, Obama visited with Thorning-Schmidt during his visit to  Stockholm, when he also met with Finnish President Sauli Niinisto and  Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt.

RELATED:  OBAMA PRAISES ‘MADIBA’: ‘WE WILL NEVER SEE THE LIKES OF NELSON MANDELA  AGAIN’

Danish Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt seemed unaffected by the somber mood of the occasion.

-/AFP/Getty Images

Danish Prime Minister Helle  Thorning-Schmidt seemed unaffected by the somber mood of the occasion.

The Danish leader’s selfie went viral on Twitter, with scores of comments on  the total lack of propriety shown by the three leaders.

After the hoopla over Obama’s pic, a candid snapshot of George W. Bush  emerged on his  Instagram account — showing  him posing with Bono as they sat in the stands for the remembrance.

Obama welcomed Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt to the White House in Feb. 24, 2012.

Official White House Photo by  Sonya Hebert

Obama welcomed Prime Minister Helle  Thorning-Schmidt to the White House in Feb. 24, 2012.

RELATED:  TRANSCRIPT: REMARKS OF PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA AT NELSON MANDELA’S SERVICE

The Obamas were just part of the U.S. delegation to the Tuesday service,  accompanied by President George W. Bush and his wife, Laura, President Bill  Clinton, his wife, Hillary, and daughter, Chelsea, and President Jimmy Carter  and his wife, Rosalynn.

Obama cracks a smile mingling with the Danish Prime Minister at the 2012 NATO Summit in Chicago.

AP Photo/Kiichiro Sato

Obama cracks a smile mingling with  the Danish Prime Minister at the 2012 NATO Summit in Chicago.

Chelsea Clinton, 33, is an avid tweeter, but abstained from accessing the  social media website during the event, as did her parents, who also both have  Twitter accounts.

Laura Bush is also on Twitter but did not post any updates to the  website.

President Obama, Michelle Obama, President George W. Bush and Laura Bush board Air Force One to depart South Africa after the memorial service for Nelson Mandela.

BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/AFP/Getty  Images

President Obama, Michelle Obama,  President George W. Bush and Laura Bush board Air Force One to depart South  Africa after the memorial service for Nelson Mandela.

After the memorial service ended, the Obamas and Bushes boarded Air Force  One to return to the U.S.

They were in South Africa for less than 13 hours.

Though Secretary of State Hillary Clinton traveled from the U.S. to Africa  onboard Air Force One with the two couples, she did not return home on the  President’s plane Tuesday night.

Former President Bill Clinton, his daughter Chelsea, 33, and President Jimmy  Carter and his wife Rosalynn were also among the U.S. delegation but they  traveled separately.

llarson@nydailynews.com

Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-poses-funeral-selfie-article-1.1543188#ixzz2n89I5Bhl

Reminds me of this old picture…

Jellie…

FYI: The NY Daily News is a follower of the Obama cult so they were obviously impressed with this display of insincerity. and disrespect - especially the flirtation going on….

…

How much did this circus cost the American tax-payers?

$500,000 per minute:

http://www.infowars.com/obama-mandela-speech-cost-500000-per-minute/

Nelson Mandella singing – kill Whites…

http://www.infowars.com/obama-mandela-speech-cost-500000-per-minute/

Where do the “Whites” who were occupied and slaughtered by the “Imperialists” for over 800 years fit into the equation one might wonder?

The whole ruckus ended when Michelle changed the seat arrangement. It’s like dealing with 2nd graders…

photo 1455104_599839456736890_299265572_n_zps9783c91c.jpg

UPDATE – Danish Report:

http://ekstrabladet.dk/nyheder/samfund/article2170914.ece

Last picture; female w/ skirt up to her thighs seated on his right, from the frying pan into the fire? heh

And if all that wasn’t enough he shakes hands (some say he also bowed) with Castro pissing off the Miami Cubans and many others…what an ass! (see link at the NY Daily News above)
Picture from the Daily Mail – Danish PM appears to be confronted by Obama’s marxist teamsters while Obama becomes the innocent victim of her wiles…and Michelle rolls up her sleeves…where did Cameron go? It’s like a reality soap opera.
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They’ve added more pics at the site:
11f
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And on top of all that the Mandela ceremony sign language interpreter was ‘a fake’:
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The NY Post can usually be counted on to come up with a unique headline.

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Selfie’s Poll Numbers in the Toilet

December 11, 2013, 6:56 pm
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President Barack Obama’s job approval among American voters drops to a new low, a negative 38 – 57 percent, as the outlook for Democrats running for Congress and the U.S. Senate fades also, according to a national poll released today. He even gets a negative 41 – 49 percent among voters 18 to 29 years old and a lackluster 50 – 43 percent approval among Hispanic voters.

The president’s job approval compares to a negative 39 – 54 percent score in a November 12 survey by the independent Quinnipiac (KWIN-uh-pe-ack) University. ..

American voters say 41 – 38 percent that they would vote for a Republican over a Democrat for the U.S. House of Representatives, the first time this year the Democrats come up on the short end of this generic ballot. Independent voters back Republican candidates 41 – 28 percent. Voters also say 47 – 42 percent that they would like to see Republicans gain control of the U.S. Senate and the House. Independent voters go Republican 50 – 35 percent for each.

Read more: http://www.quinnipiac.edu/institutes-and-centers/polling-institute/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=1987

Toast!


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Islamic Jihad on Christian Nuns: A History

December 11, 2013, 8:07 pm
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By on December 4, 2013

Yet another phenomenon with a long paper trail in Islamic history has just taken place, even as the Western “mainstream”—little acquainted with true history or reality—dismisses it as an aberration.  Asia News has the details:

Islamist rebels have kidnapped a group of nuns from the Greek Orthodox monastery of St Thecla (Mar Taqla) in Maaloula [an ancient Christian community where Christians were earlier forced to convert to Islam or die]…  “Armed men burst in the monastery of St Thecla in Maaloula this afternoon [Dec. 2]. From there, they forcibly took 12 women religious,” Mgr Zenari said …. Neither the nuncio nor the Greek Orthodox Church know [the] reason behind the kidnapping.

Maaloula: ancient Christian site where inhabitants still spoke Aramaic, language of Jesus, before being devastated by the jihad, its nuns abducted, its ancient churches desecrated.

The “reason behind the kidnapping”?  Sexual abuse and rape certainly should not be discounted, as these have been the lot of thousands of women abducted by U.S.-sponsored “freedom fighters” in Syria. Indeed, a new report issued by the National Reconciliation Commission in Syria states that some 37,000 women have been raped since the war started.

To keep the jihad in Syria alive, pro-war Islamic clerics have issued any number of fatwas, or Islamic rulings, permitting – sexually-frustrated, female-deprived rebels to rape women.  Most of these are based on the simple fact that Islam permits jihadis, based on the example of their prophet, to copulate with any captured woman—or, in the words of the Koran, “what your right hands possess” (see “The Jihad on Christian Women: Abduction, Rape, and Forced Conversion,” pgs. 186-199 in Crucified Again for detailed information).

One cleric permitted the abduction and rape of any Syrian woman, provided she is not Sunni.  Yet apparently because there are still not enough women for the jihadi hordes, many of whom are foreigners—one Christian child was recently raped by 15 men before being killed—Sunni Muslim women are also being targeted through sex jihad fatwas.

So would such jihadis and their clerics have any special respect for Christian nuns?

The fact is, raped nuns is a phenomenon that goes back centuries.   According to Muslim historian Taqi al-Din al-Maqrizi (1364-1442) during his raids on Egypt, Caliph Marwan II (r.744–50) “made captive a number of women from among the nuns of several convents. And he tried to seduce one of them.”  The account describes how the enslaved nun tricked him into killing her, by claiming she had a magic oil that make skin impenetrable: “She then took some oil and anointed herself with it; then stretched out her neck, which he smote with the sword, and made her head fly.  He then understood that she preferred death to defilement.”

Writing in the 10th century, the Coptic chronicler Severus ibn Muqaffa records that “the Arabs in the land of Egypt had ruined the country….  They burnt the fortresses and pillaged the provinces, and killed a multitude of the saintly monks who were in them [monasteries] and they violated a multitude of the virgin nuns and killed some of them with the sword.”

After the Islamic conquest of Constantinople in 1453, according to eyewitness accounts, “Monasteries and Convents were broken in. Their tenants were killed, nuns were raped, many, to avoid dishonor, killed themselves. Killing, raping, looting, burning, enslaving, went on and on according to tradition.”

Such is history—expunged as it is in the modern West, even as it repeats itself today. Thus, in August 2013, after torching a Franciscan school in Egypt, “Islamists,” in the words of the AP, “paraded three nuns on the streets like ‘prisoners of war’” and “Two other women working at the school were sexually harassed and abused as they fought their way through a mob.”

Indeed, the rise in attacks on Christian nuns throughout the Islamic world further demonstrates that they are no more inviolable than other “infidel” women:

  • Somalia: In response to Pope Benedict’s historical quotes which, like so many other things—including teddy bears—so enraged the Islamic world, Muslims in Somalia shot Leonella Sgarbati—a 66-year-old nun who had devoted 30 years of her life working in Africa—in her back.  Her last words before dying in hospital were: “I forgive; I forgive.”
  • Pakistan: In September 2012, gunmen on motorbikes dressed in green (Islam’s color) opened fire on the St. Francis Xavier Catholic Cathedral in Hyderabad, murdering at least 28 people.  Their immediate target was a nun, Mother Christina.
  • Libya: In February 2013, after the fall of Col. Gaddafi, Islamic rebels threatened Christian nuns into fleeing the nation. They had been there since 1921, focused primarily on helping the sick and needy.
  • Philippines: In an article discussing a Christmas Day church bombing in a Muslim-majority region, we learn that the jihadi group responsible “has been blamed for several bomb attacks on the Roman Catholic cathedral in Jolo since the early 2000s and for kidnapping priests and nuns.”
  • Guinea: In June 2013, during a mob-led frenzy, Christians and their churches were savagely attacked in the Muslim-majority nation—with some 95 Christians slain and 130 wounded—including “the quarters of the nuns, [which] was looted before being torched.”

The above examples come from five countries that have little in common with one another—neither race, language, culture, nor economics—only Islam.

That alone should say something.

But no matter.  Far from discussing Islamic history and doctrine, and how they tie to current events, the predominant Western mentality simply dismisses Muslim violence as the West’s fault, or, in the recent words of ex-nun Karen Armstrong, “We did this.”  Armstrong—who quit the nunnery only to engage in pro-Islamic mummery—insists that what’s needed is for us to focus more on “Muslim pain, Muslim suffering.”

A Coptic nun stabbed at St George's Church, Alexandria, on 19 October

Nun knifed in Egypt following the destruction of a Church

Such, according to the leftist mentality, are the “real” reasons why, wherever Muslim-majorities live near non-Muslim minorities, from the dawn of Islam till today, the latter are under attack.

http://www.raymondibrahim.com/islam/the-islamic-jihad-on-christian-nuns-a-history/

‘Ajlawni: Justifying rape in Islam’s name

http://www.raymondibrahim.com/from-the-arab-world/new-fatwa-permits-rape-of-non-sunni-women-in-syria/

Inner Beauty and the Demonic Beasts. Islam has been quite successful in revising history but not without the help of western academic revisionists and their pillars of support – the biased global media.


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Bungling French bureaucrats send census letter to Napoleon Bonaparte -who died in 1821

December 11, 2013, 9:30 pm
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By Sara Malm

PUBLISHED:14:36 EST, 11  December 2013

French bureaucrats gathering information for  the national census may need to go back to history class after they sent a  letter to Napoleon.

Official census body Insee  addressed a letter to the late French emperor – and were told to forward their  request to Saint Peter.

Insee is now facing questions about the  accuracy of their work as Napoleon has been dead for nearly 200  years.

Dear Emperor: The official statistics body in France sent a letter to the late Napoleon Bonaparte who died in 1821 for the annual censusDear Emperor: The official statistics body in France  sent a letter to Napoleon Bonaparte, who died nearly 200 years ago in 1821, for  the annual census

The letter caught the attention of a post  office worker in Napoleon’s old hometown of Ajaccio on Corsica,’ Connexion reports.

The envelope was addressed to ‘Napoleon  Bonaparte, 3 rue Saint-Charles, Ajaccio,’ and had been returned with a note  reading ‘Died in 1821 – please forward to Saint Peter’.

The Corsican post office returned the letter  to Insee, France’s national statistics body, with a sticker saying ‘Not known at  this address’.

Napoleon Bonaparte, who was recently named  the second most significant person in human history by American scientists, was  born on the French Mediterranean island in 1769.

'No longer at this address': The letter was sent to Napoleon's home town Ajaccio on Corsica, and returned with a note to forward the request to Saint Peter‘No longer at this address’: The letter was sent to  Napoleon’s home town Ajaccio on Corsica, and returned with a note to forward the  request to Saint Peter

After rising in the ranks of the French Army,  he became the Emperor Napoleon I in 1804.

He is most famous for his success as a  military leader during the Napoleonic wars.

After his luck turned during a disastrous  attempt to invade Russia in 1812 he was first to the island of Elba, before he  returned to power only to be defeated at Waterloo in 1815.

He spent the last six years of his life  imprisoned on the British island of Saint Helena where he died in  1821.

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2522114/Bureaucrats-send-letter-Napoleon-Bonaparte-census.html#ixzz2nEdy4g1l Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook

We’ve had lots of dead people over here who voted for Selfie Obama perhaps they’ll find he’s registered to vote and has voted for their marxist candidate.


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How Historic Revisionism Justifies Islamic Terrorism

December 11, 2013, 9:52 pm
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By on October 30, 2013

How important, really, is history to current affairs?  Do events from the 7th century—or, more importantly, how we understand them—have any influence on U.S. foreign policy today?

By way of answer, consider some parallels between academia’s portrayal of historic Islamic jihads and the U.S. government’s and media’s portrayal of contemporary Islamic jihads.

“Muslim freedom fighters” accompanies this picture appearing on a UK Standard report on Syria, rehashing an old but false motif

While any objective appraisal of the 7th century Muslim conquests proves that they were just that—conquests, with all the bloodshed and rapine that that entails—the historical revisionism of modern academia, especially within Arab and Islamic studies departments, has led to some portrayals of the original Muslim conquerors as “freedom-fighters” trying to “liberate” the Mideast from tyrants and autocrats. (Beginning to sound familiar?)

Today’s approach to teaching the history of the Muslim conquests of the 7th century is something as follows: Yes, the Mideast was Christian, but local Christians helped Arab Muslims invade and subjugate their countries in preference to Christian Byzantine rule, which was oppressive due to doctrinal disagreements over the nature of Christ.  Hence, the Muslim conquerors were actually “liberators.”

This perspective, as with many modern Western perspectives concerning Islam, is less a product of objective scholarship and more of modern day epistemic distortions, chief among them: 1) repackaged narratives of the “noble savage” myth—yes, 7th century Muslim invaders were coarse, but had elevated ideals, including a fierce love for freedom and religious tolerance in comparison to Christians of the time (not to mention now); and 2) entrenched political correction that seeks to whitewash the true history of Islam followed by the uncritical acceptance of Islamic apologetics, some of which border on the absurd.

Of course, before the Islamic “liberator” thesis had become mainstream, historians such as Alfred Butler, author of The Arab Conquest of Egypt, had this to say about it:

Even in the most recent historians it will be found that the outline of the story [of the 7th century conquest of Egypt] is something as follows: …. that the Copts generally hailed them [Muslims] as deliverers and rendered them every assistance; and that Alexandria after a long siege, full of romantic episodes, was captured by storm.  Such is the received account.  It may seem presumptuous to say that it is untrue from beginning to end, but to me no other conclusion is possible. [emphasis added; pgs. iv-v]

In fact, one of the major themes throughout Butler’s Arab Conquest of Egypt—which, published in 1902, is heavily based on primary sources, Arabic and Coptic, unlike more modern secondary works that promote the Islamic “liberator” thesis—is that “there is not a word to show that any section of the Egyptian nation viewed the advent of the Muslims with any other feeling than terror” (p. 236).

Butler and other politically incorrect historians were and are aware of the savage and atrocity-laden nature of the Islamic conquests.  The Coptic chronicler, John of Nikiu, a contemporary of the Arab conquest of Egypt and possibly an eyewitness, wrote:

Then the Muslims arrived in Nikiu [along the Nile]… seized the town and slaughtered everyone they met in the street and in the churches—men, women, and children, sparing nobody.  Then they went to other places, pillaged and killed all the inhabitants they found….  But let us say no more, for it is impossible to describe the horrors the Muslims committed…”

Nonetheless, today’s accepted narratives do not come from antiquated historians or primary historical texts; they come from the Saudi-funded ivy league—Berkeley, Columbia, Cornell, Georgetown, Harvard, Princeton, etc.—all of which peddle pro-Islamic propaganda (I personally had direct experience at Georgetown), including the “freedom loving jihadis” vs. “oppressive tyrants” thesis.

Percolating out of liberal academia to liberal mass media, the effects of this well-entrenched but false narrative have taken their toll, ultimately helping to create a disastrous U.S. foreign policy.

Put differently, the Islamic terrorists waging jihad against autocratic (but secular, religiously tolerant) governments—most notably in Syria today—are easily portrayed in the West as “freedom fighters” against oppressive tyrants and thus deserving of U.S. support in great part because this motif has permeated the social consciousness of America, molded as it is by Hollywood and the news rooms, and based on academic distortions of events that took place nearly fourteen centuries ago.

Meanwhile, back in the real world, the Islamic “freedom fighters” are slaughtering, raping, beheading, persecuting and plundering—just as they have been for nearly fourteen centuries.

That is the only unwavering constant in this sad story.

http://www.raymondibrahim.com/islam/how-historic-revisionism-justifies-islamic-terrorism/

 


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